This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of
... Hydrostatic skeletons do not posses rigid elements but rely on pressure to create stiffness. This can be done based on two types of structures. The first involves a fluid-filled cavity (FFC) which is surrounded by muscles and connective tissue. The second structure is composed mainly of muscles with ...
... Hydrostatic skeletons do not posses rigid elements but rely on pressure to create stiffness. This can be done based on two types of structures. The first involves a fluid-filled cavity (FFC) which is surrounded by muscles and connective tissue. The second structure is composed mainly of muscles with ...
Huntington disease models and human neuropathology: similarities
... gliosis), then the cerebral cortex, and eventually may appear throughout the brain as a constellation of the toxic eVect of the mutation and the ensuing secondary changes. Features that HD shares with the other eight known polyglutaminopathies are ubiquitinated, neuronal, nuclear inclusions involvin ...
... gliosis), then the cerebral cortex, and eventually may appear throughout the brain as a constellation of the toxic eVect of the mutation and the ensuing secondary changes. Features that HD shares with the other eight known polyglutaminopathies are ubiquitinated, neuronal, nuclear inclusions involvin ...
Y.I. Molkov, Baroreflex models, Encyclopedia of Computational
... slow C fibers, in accordance to whether they are myelinated or not. The fast A fibers are further divided into subtypes. It was suggested that different types of baroreceptors can be characterized by significantly different adaptation time constants (Ottesen and Olufsen 2011). In this case their int ...
... slow C fibers, in accordance to whether they are myelinated or not. The fast A fibers are further divided into subtypes. It was suggested that different types of baroreceptors can be characterized by significantly different adaptation time constants (Ottesen and Olufsen 2011). In this case their int ...
State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... performing it. In a second experiment, TMS applied over the left STS induced shortening of RTs for adapted actions but only if also the effector was repeated. The results indicate that observed motor behavior is encoded with the body part that performs it in the temporal lobe. A hierarchically highe ...
... performing it. In a second experiment, TMS applied over the left STS induced shortening of RTs for adapted actions but only if also the effector was repeated. The results indicate that observed motor behavior is encoded with the body part that performs it in the temporal lobe. A hierarchically highe ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonphysiological concentrations of glucose that induced oxidative stress by increasing production of reactive oxygen ...
... and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonphysiological concentrations of glucose that induced oxidative stress by increasing production of reactive oxygen ...
22. May 2014 Examination NEVR2010 There are two types
... from other biological mechanisms? (3) 16. Can research into the brain show that we do not really have free will or that we should not be held responsible for our actions? (4) 17. Give one piece of evidence for hemispheric lateralization of language. (2) 18. Give a short definition of aphasia. (1) 19 ...
... from other biological mechanisms? (3) 16. Can research into the brain show that we do not really have free will or that we should not be held responsible for our actions? (4) 17. Give one piece of evidence for hemispheric lateralization of language. (2) 18. Give a short definition of aphasia. (1) 19 ...
Cerebral Cortex Lect
... Motor area: somatotopically organized around the cruciate sulcus. The motor area drives voluntary movement and it is the primary source of pyramidal tract fibers to cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord (corticospinal tracts). Somatotopic organization = organization based on regional organization of ...
... Motor area: somatotopically organized around the cruciate sulcus. The motor area drives voluntary movement and it is the primary source of pyramidal tract fibers to cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord (corticospinal tracts). Somatotopic organization = organization based on regional organization of ...
Unit 12 ~ Learning Guide Name
... BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014 = reflex arcs signal independent of the brain to ensure the fastest possible reaction time and are generally associated with involuntary reflexes that prevent us from harm such as blinking, pulling limbs away from sharp or hot objects ...
... BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014 = reflex arcs signal independent of the brain to ensure the fastest possible reaction time and are generally associated with involuntary reflexes that prevent us from harm such as blinking, pulling limbs away from sharp or hot objects ...
The Somatosensory System
... • Major sensory relay station • Deep gray matter structure part of the diencephalon • Convey different types of input to the cortex ...
... • Major sensory relay station • Deep gray matter structure part of the diencephalon • Convey different types of input to the cortex ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... with synaptic time constants ex ⫽ 5 ms and inh ⫽ 10 ms. In most cases, rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of ...
... with synaptic time constants ex ⫽ 5 ms and inh ⫽ 10 ms. In most cases, rather than reporting the values of ⌬gex and ⌬ginh, which are the synaptic strengths, we report the resulting EPSP and IPSP sizes. These are obtained within the active network from spike-triggered average membrane potentials of ...
Language processing – role of inferior parietal lobule
... between language and internalisation of surroundings should not be overlooked. Let us take, for instance, the Piraha people of Amazon who only have words for the numbers 1 and 2. When a Piraha subject is shown 4 or 5 objects and later tested on the number of these objects, they cannot remember exact ...
... between language and internalisation of surroundings should not be overlooked. Let us take, for instance, the Piraha people of Amazon who only have words for the numbers 1 and 2. When a Piraha subject is shown 4 or 5 objects and later tested on the number of these objects, they cannot remember exact ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
Fast Propagation of Firing Rates through Layered Networks of Noisy
... neurons receive identical input, each layer behaves like a single I&F neuron. The synchronization is advantageous for coding schemes that require preservation of precise spike timing. On the other hand, weaker responses in the input layer fail to propagate; the packet dies out. The response in the d ...
... neurons receive identical input, each layer behaves like a single I&F neuron. The synchronization is advantageous for coding schemes that require preservation of precise spike timing. On the other hand, weaker responses in the input layer fail to propagate; the packet dies out. The response in the d ...
Chapter 6 The peripheral nervous system Unit
... typical motor neuron is shown in Figure 6.2. • Interneurons are located in the central nervous system and are the link between the sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons may also be called association neurons, connector neurons or relay neurons. Typical examples can be seen in Figure 5.3 on page ...
... typical motor neuron is shown in Figure 6.2. • Interneurons are located in the central nervous system and are the link between the sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons may also be called association neurons, connector neurons or relay neurons. Typical examples can be seen in Figure 5.3 on page ...
Drives and emotions: the hypothalamus and limbic system
... prominent episode approximately every 25 hours. On day 37 (arrow) the suprachiasmatic nucleus was destroyed bilaterally, and the wheel running subsequently became almost random. B, Entrainment of circadian rhythms by environmental cues. These are the sleep records of a 22-year-old man living in a la ...
... prominent episode approximately every 25 hours. On day 37 (arrow) the suprachiasmatic nucleus was destroyed bilaterally, and the wheel running subsequently became almost random. B, Entrainment of circadian rhythms by environmental cues. These are the sleep records of a 22-year-old man living in a la ...
BRAINSTEM
... plexiform layer, w/ ganglion cells in inner plexiform layer. 2 types: ROD – synapses from many rod cells = less acuity, greater sensitivity. CONE – synapses from few cone cells = high acuity. Function: Link photoreceptors directly to retinal projection neurons (ganglion cells) (Ref: NA 167,169) Loca ...
... plexiform layer, w/ ganglion cells in inner plexiform layer. 2 types: ROD – synapses from many rod cells = less acuity, greater sensitivity. CONE – synapses from few cone cells = high acuity. Function: Link photoreceptors directly to retinal projection neurons (ganglion cells) (Ref: NA 167,169) Loca ...
Synapse
... 4. Short duration i.e. decays within 15 m.sec. 5. Its amplitude (very small) about 0.5 mv • To produce action potential must be summated. • The summation is of 2 types: spatial and temporal summation ...
... 4. Short duration i.e. decays within 15 m.sec. 5. Its amplitude (very small) about 0.5 mv • To produce action potential must be summated. • The summation is of 2 types: spatial and temporal summation ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... William Gowers, though, argued with Charcot’s terminology since it suggested that lateral sclerosis was primary and amyotrophy was secondary, and instead, postulated they are one event (Goetz, 2000). This is still debated over a century later. ALS is an incurable disease that has an incidence of app ...
... William Gowers, though, argued with Charcot’s terminology since it suggested that lateral sclerosis was primary and amyotrophy was secondary, and instead, postulated they are one event (Goetz, 2000). This is still debated over a century later. ALS is an incurable disease that has an incidence of app ...
Loss of TDP-43 causes age-dependent progressive motor neuron
... For Permissions, please email: [email protected] ...
... For Permissions, please email: [email protected] ...
Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety
... relay motivationally significant information to motor areas necessary for the avoidance of harmful stimuli or approach to stimuli associated with primary reinforcers. Projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the major intra-amygdaloid target of the basolateral complex, are critical for au ...
... relay motivationally significant information to motor areas necessary for the avoidance of harmful stimuli or approach to stimuli associated with primary reinforcers. Projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala, the major intra-amygdaloid target of the basolateral complex, are critical for au ...
Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory signals related to the animal’s recent actions are also available in the same anatomical structure involved in updating the value functions because a reward or penalty resulting from a ...
... reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory signals related to the animal’s recent actions are also available in the same anatomical structure involved in updating the value functions because a reward or penalty resulting from a ...
The Integrative Role of Posterior Parietal Cortex and related Clinical S
... recognition of only parts of that field. It is one of the three components of the Balint’s Syndrome (a complex disturb of the spatial analysis – figure 1). The other two components of this syndrome are: the optics ataxia (a disturb of the act to point a target under the orientation of the vision) an ...
... recognition of only parts of that field. It is one of the three components of the Balint’s Syndrome (a complex disturb of the spatial analysis – figure 1). The other two components of this syndrome are: the optics ataxia (a disturb of the act to point a target under the orientation of the vision) an ...
retina - Bakersfield College
... – Areas of blindness in contralateral visual field due to damage to primary visual cortex – Detected by perimetry test ...
... – Areas of blindness in contralateral visual field due to damage to primary visual cortex – Detected by perimetry test ...
Chapter 12 Lecture Outline
... • Nervous system carries out its task in three basic steps • Sense organs receive information about changes in the body and external environment, and transmit coded messages to the brain and spinal cord (CNS: central nervous system) • CNS processes this information, relates it to past experiences, a ...
... • Nervous system carries out its task in three basic steps • Sense organs receive information about changes in the body and external environment, and transmit coded messages to the brain and spinal cord (CNS: central nervous system) • CNS processes this information, relates it to past experiences, a ...