Neural computations associated with goal-directed choice
... (a) Illustration of the main components of the diffusion model of perceptual decision-making. Evidence E in favor of a decision can be strong (black) or weak (gray) and is integrated over time. A decision is made when a common threshold is reached. (b) Illustration of the main components of the urge ...
... (a) Illustration of the main components of the diffusion model of perceptual decision-making. Evidence E in favor of a decision can be strong (black) or weak (gray) and is integrated over time. A decision is made when a common threshold is reached. (b) Illustration of the main components of the urge ...
Relationship between muscle output and functional MRI
... outside of the MRI room. These included the pressure transducer (part of the transducer is made of stainless steel), EMG and force amplifiers, the associated power supply, and the data acquisition unit (laptop computer and its docking station). The electrode wires were formed into a flat cable runni ...
... outside of the MRI room. These included the pressure transducer (part of the transducer is made of stainless steel), EMG and force amplifiers, the associated power supply, and the data acquisition unit (laptop computer and its docking station). The electrode wires were formed into a flat cable runni ...
General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal
... reactive etomidate analogue labelled Met286 in the β subunit and Met236 in the α subunit, suggesting that there is an anaesthetic-binding site at the α–β subunit interface (an equivalent site for benzodiazepines is thought to exist at the α–δ interface)28. This is a promising but technically difficu ...
... reactive etomidate analogue labelled Met286 in the β subunit and Met236 in the α subunit, suggesting that there is an anaesthetic-binding site at the α–β subunit interface (an equivalent site for benzodiazepines is thought to exist at the α–δ interface)28. This is a promising but technically difficu ...
Development of Subcellular mRNA Compartmentation in
... differentiation. Studies of hippocampal pyramidal cells developing in low-density cultures have suggested that neurons initially develop undifferentiated neurites (referred to as minor processes) that do not have the characteristics of either axons or dendrites (Dotti et al., 1988). Cells at this st ...
... differentiation. Studies of hippocampal pyramidal cells developing in low-density cultures have suggested that neurons initially develop undifferentiated neurites (referred to as minor processes) that do not have the characteristics of either axons or dendrites (Dotti et al., 1988). Cells at this st ...
Diversity and wiring variability of visual local neurons in the
... M10) with R7, R8, and the monopolar L1–L5 neurons of the lamina specifically terminating in one or a few of the distal (relative to brain) M1–M6 strata (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Meinertzhagen and Sorra, 2001; Morante and Desplan, 2004; Takemura et al., 2008). R7 and R8 neurons terminate in M6 a ...
... M10) with R7, R8, and the monopolar L1–L5 neurons of the lamina specifically terminating in one or a few of the distal (relative to brain) M1–M6 strata (Fischbach and Dittrich, 1989; Meinertzhagen and Sorra, 2001; Morante and Desplan, 2004; Takemura et al., 2008). R7 and R8 neurons terminate in M6 a ...
Neural computations associated with goal
... In many circumstances the mapping from actions to outcomes is probabilistic, and the outcomes arise only after a delay. The model above is easily extended to incorporate these complications by setting ...
... In many circumstances the mapping from actions to outcomes is probabilistic, and the outcomes arise only after a delay. The model above is easily extended to incorporate these complications by setting ...
Lecoq J, Savall J, Vucinic D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li
... provides cellular resolution within each area. Recent work has shown the feasibility of in vivo Ca2+ imaging within presynaptic axonal inputs originating from anatomically defined areas3, but it has not been feasible, to date, to combine this with Ca2+ imaging of the postsynaptic responses. Overall, ...
... provides cellular resolution within each area. Recent work has shown the feasibility of in vivo Ca2+ imaging within presynaptic axonal inputs originating from anatomically defined areas3, but it has not been feasible, to date, to combine this with Ca2+ imaging of the postsynaptic responses. Overall, ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... evidence indicate that neurons that are located in certain structures of the rostra1 pontine tegmentum and in the medullary reticular formation are involved in the generation and maintenance of active sleep(Siegel, 1989; Steriade and McCarley, 1990; Jones, 1991). Nonetheless,the specific setsof neur ...
... evidence indicate that neurons that are located in certain structures of the rostra1 pontine tegmentum and in the medullary reticular formation are involved in the generation and maintenance of active sleep(Siegel, 1989; Steriade and McCarley, 1990; Jones, 1991). Nonetheless,the specific setsof neur ...
III./2.2.: The pathology and etiology of headaches III./2.2.1.: Anatomy
... both major types of migraine (migraine with and without aura); CGRP concentrations were correlated with the severity of attacks. After successful treatment of the attacks, the concentration of CGRP was normalized. These changes in CGRP concentrations during migraine attack are considered as an evide ...
... both major types of migraine (migraine with and without aura); CGRP concentrations were correlated with the severity of attacks. After successful treatment of the attacks, the concentration of CGRP was normalized. These changes in CGRP concentrations during migraine attack are considered as an evide ...
Functional Clustering Drives Encoding Improvement in a
... efficiency and effectiveness of neural processing. During development, the structure [1,2] and function [3–6] of sensory neural circuits are actively guided by both endogenous signals and environmental stimuli. However, it is not well understood how these changes lead to improved brain function. Her ...
... efficiency and effectiveness of neural processing. During development, the structure [1,2] and function [3–6] of sensory neural circuits are actively guided by both endogenous signals and environmental stimuli. However, it is not well understood how these changes lead to improved brain function. Her ...
Article 5 - Graduate Program in Neuroscience | UBC
... cortex, in comparison with slowly discharging neurons in the striatum (caudate, putamen and ventral striatum, including nucleus accumbens) and midbrain dopamine neurons. Orbitofrontal neurons showed three principal forms of reward-related activity during the performance of delayed response tasks, na ...
... cortex, in comparison with slowly discharging neurons in the striatum (caudate, putamen and ventral striatum, including nucleus accumbens) and midbrain dopamine neurons. Orbitofrontal neurons showed three principal forms of reward-related activity during the performance of delayed response tasks, na ...
Linking Genetically Defined Neurons to Behavior through a Broadly
... known roles played by the various Math1-descendant neuron populations, we observed in triple-transgenic Math1-cre, hßact::Flpe, RC::PFtox animals, robust and reproducible defects in gait, general motor coordination and balance (Figures 2M, 2N, and Supplemental Movies). Also predicted is an accumulat ...
... known roles played by the various Math1-descendant neuron populations, we observed in triple-transgenic Math1-cre, hßact::Flpe, RC::PFtox animals, robust and reproducible defects in gait, general motor coordination and balance (Figures 2M, 2N, and Supplemental Movies). Also predicted is an accumulat ...
`What` and `where` in the human brain
... guided movements? According to Goodale and Milner 145,46,48*1, patient D.F. suffered an anoxic episode from carbon monoxide poisoning, resulting in diffuse brain damage, which was most apparent in cortical areas 18 and 19. These areas are the source of visual input to parietal, as well as temporal, ...
... guided movements? According to Goodale and Milner 145,46,48*1, patient D.F. suffered an anoxic episode from carbon monoxide poisoning, resulting in diffuse brain damage, which was most apparent in cortical areas 18 and 19. These areas are the source of visual input to parietal, as well as temporal, ...
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-like
... late larval stages. Among these cells are the neurons of the developing optic and antennal lobes, which have been well examined in terms of the developmental time course of their proliferation and differentiation phases (Monsma and Booker, 1996a, b; Oland and Tolbert, 1996; Hildebrand et al., 1997; ...
... late larval stages. Among these cells are the neurons of the developing optic and antennal lobes, which have been well examined in terms of the developmental time course of their proliferation and differentiation phases (Monsma and Booker, 1996a, b; Oland and Tolbert, 1996; Hildebrand et al., 1997; ...
Cortical region interactions and the functional role of apical
... The anatomically observed segregation of input sources, between apical and basal dendrites, may thus have functional significance. The axon initial segment acts as the final site of integration as it is here that action potential initialization occurs (Stuart et al., 1997b). However, inputs to diffe ...
... The anatomically observed segregation of input sources, between apical and basal dendrites, may thus have functional significance. The axon initial segment acts as the final site of integration as it is here that action potential initialization occurs (Stuart et al., 1997b). However, inputs to diffe ...
The Relationship Between Synchronization Among Neuronal
... Accordingly, the effective connectivity among different populations can be modulated in a context-sensitive way by synchronization-related mechanisms. Taken together, these considerations indicate that synchronization is an important aspect of neuronal dynamics. The aim of this study was to see if p ...
... Accordingly, the effective connectivity among different populations can be modulated in a context-sensitive way by synchronization-related mechanisms. Taken together, these considerations indicate that synchronization is an important aspect of neuronal dynamics. The aim of this study was to see if p ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... the models of decision making based on neurophysiological data (Shadlen & Newsome, 2001; Wang, 2002) assume that there exist connections from neurons representing stimuli, to the appropriate cortical neurons representing actions (these connections may develop during the months of training the animal ...
... the models of decision making based on neurophysiological data (Shadlen & Newsome, 2001; Wang, 2002) assume that there exist connections from neurons representing stimuli, to the appropriate cortical neurons representing actions (these connections may develop during the months of training the animal ...
Neurotransmitter Parameter Definitions
... which taurine affects GABA.; First, it can inhibit GABA transaminase, an enzyme that metabolizes GABA. This allows GABA to stay in the synaptic cleft longer to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. Second, taurine can bind to the GABAAreceptor mimicking the effects of GABA. By helping GABA function, ta ...
... which taurine affects GABA.; First, it can inhibit GABA transaminase, an enzyme that metabolizes GABA. This allows GABA to stay in the synaptic cleft longer to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. Second, taurine can bind to the GABAAreceptor mimicking the effects of GABA. By helping GABA function, ta ...
Visual Receptive Field Properties of Neurons in the Superficial
... Drifting sinusoidal gratings of 100% contrast were presented to probe selectivity for stimulus direction/orientation and spatial/temporal frequency tuning. The drifting direction was varied between 0 and 360° (12 steps, 30° spacing), spatial frequency between 0.01 and 0.32 cpd (6 logarithmic steps), ...
... Drifting sinusoidal gratings of 100% contrast were presented to probe selectivity for stimulus direction/orientation and spatial/temporal frequency tuning. The drifting direction was varied between 0 and 360° (12 steps, 30° spacing), spatial frequency between 0.01 and 0.32 cpd (6 logarithmic steps), ...
Coefficient of Variation (CV) vs Mean Interspike Interval (ISI) curves
... Stevens and Zador [19] illustrated experimentally that uncorrelated inputs to neurons do not account for the high firing variability but temporally correlated ones do. This was also confirmed by modelling by Sakai et al. [13] and analytically and numerically by Feng and Brown [10]. Stevens and Zador ...
... Stevens and Zador [19] illustrated experimentally that uncorrelated inputs to neurons do not account for the high firing variability but temporally correlated ones do. This was also confirmed by modelling by Sakai et al. [13] and analytically and numerically by Feng and Brown [10]. Stevens and Zador ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... regard sensorimotor experience as crucial. In this review, I argue that the adaptation and associative hypotheses both offer plausible accounts of the origin of mirror neurons, explaining their basic and more subtle properties. However, the associative hypothesis currently has three advantages. Firs ...
... regard sensorimotor experience as crucial. In this review, I argue that the adaptation and associative hypotheses both offer plausible accounts of the origin of mirror neurons, explaining their basic and more subtle properties. However, the associative hypothesis currently has three advantages. Firs ...
lec12-dec11
... In n dimensions the relation w • x=q defines a n1 dimensional hyper-plane, which is perpendicular to the weight vector w. On one side of the hyper-plane (w • x > q) all patterns are classified by the TLU as “1”, while those that get classified as “0” lie on the other side of the hyper-plane. If patt ...
... In n dimensions the relation w • x=q defines a n1 dimensional hyper-plane, which is perpendicular to the weight vector w. On one side of the hyper-plane (w • x > q) all patterns are classified by the TLU as “1”, while those that get classified as “0” lie on the other side of the hyper-plane. If patt ...
Disorders of the Spinal Cord
... • central, spastic (the upper motor neuron lesion) – in the lateral column lesions (with severe spastic hypertonia, hyperreflexia, clonus, pathologic pyramidal signs) • peripheral, flaccid (the lower motor neuron lesion) – in the anterior horn lesions (without sensory loss) • mixed – in cases of bot ...
... • central, spastic (the upper motor neuron lesion) – in the lateral column lesions (with severe spastic hypertonia, hyperreflexia, clonus, pathologic pyramidal signs) • peripheral, flaccid (the lower motor neuron lesion) – in the anterior horn lesions (without sensory loss) • mixed – in cases of bot ...
Mental Imagery in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
... reorganization in stroke and other brain injured conditions. In contrast to the studies of MI done in stroke and other brain injured subjects, where cognitive functions are likely to be compromised, it would be interesting to know how MI presents in a spinal cord injured person because people with S ...
... reorganization in stroke and other brain injured conditions. In contrast to the studies of MI done in stroke and other brain injured subjects, where cognitive functions are likely to be compromised, it would be interesting to know how MI presents in a spinal cord injured person because people with S ...