Efficient gene delivery to the adult and fetal CNS using
... DNA into sensitive areas of the host genome in large animals and humans.1–3 However, recent studies have also identified this risk using lentiviruses.4 Non-integrating lentiviruses (NILVs) have been developed by introducing class 1 mutations into the integrase gene, and may obviate some of these dif ...
... DNA into sensitive areas of the host genome in large animals and humans.1–3 However, recent studies have also identified this risk using lentiviruses.4 Non-integrating lentiviruses (NILVs) have been developed by introducing class 1 mutations into the integrase gene, and may obviate some of these dif ...
Neuronal Migration
... GTPase, converting the GTP-bound form into the GDP-bound form, thereby inactivating it. srGAPs, a novel family of GAP domain-containing proteins, have been implicated in Slit–Robo signalling. One of these proteins, srGAP1, has been shown to inactivate the RhoGTPase, Cdc42. Extracellular interaction ...
... GTPase, converting the GTP-bound form into the GDP-bound form, thereby inactivating it. srGAPs, a novel family of GAP domain-containing proteins, have been implicated in Slit–Robo signalling. One of these proteins, srGAP1, has been shown to inactivate the RhoGTPase, Cdc42. Extracellular interaction ...
Expression and Functional Interaction of Hepatocyte Growth Factor
... During the development, HGF-SF signals were first detected in El2 mouse brain. At that time and throughout further development, HGF-SF mRNA was prominently expressed in the neuroepithelial layer of the telencephalic vesicle. Furthermore, expression was seen in the developing cortical plate, most pro ...
... During the development, HGF-SF signals were first detected in El2 mouse brain. At that time and throughout further development, HGF-SF mRNA was prominently expressed in the neuroepithelial layer of the telencephalic vesicle. Furthermore, expression was seen in the developing cortical plate, most pro ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... late adolescence or early adulthood, and it has been argued that hypotheses of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia must accommodate this age of onset (9,20). Although the average age of first hospitalization for patients with schizophrenia is in the early or mid-twenties for men and women, respecti ...
... late adolescence or early adulthood, and it has been argued that hypotheses of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia must accommodate this age of onset (9,20). Although the average age of first hospitalization for patients with schizophrenia is in the early or mid-twenties for men and women, respecti ...
Cerebellar Loops with Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Cortex of a
... Cerebellar interconnections with the cerebral cortex were traditionally viewed as a massive open-loop system. At the input stage of this system, information from diverse cortical areas including motor, premotor, posterior parietal, cingulate, and prefrontal cortex is transmitted to the cerebellar co ...
... Cerebellar interconnections with the cerebral cortex were traditionally viewed as a massive open-loop system. At the input stage of this system, information from diverse cortical areas including motor, premotor, posterior parietal, cingulate, and prefrontal cortex is transmitted to the cerebellar co ...
invariant face and object recognition in the visual system
... been obtained that the information available about which visual stimulus (which of 20 equiprobable faces) had been shown increases linearly with the number of neurons in the sample (Rolls et al., 1996a; Abbott et al., 1996). Because information is a logarithmic measure, this indicates that the numbe ...
... been obtained that the information available about which visual stimulus (which of 20 equiprobable faces) had been shown increases linearly with the number of neurons in the sample (Rolls et al., 1996a; Abbott et al., 1996). Because information is a logarithmic measure, this indicates that the numbe ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... Figure 2. Transformations of respiratory rhythm and pattern following sequential brainstem transection in the in situ arterially perfused brainstem–spinal cord preparation from juvenile rat, revealing three rhythmic states of the respiratory network as the circuitry is progressively reduced. Top: pa ...
... Figure 2. Transformations of respiratory rhythm and pattern following sequential brainstem transection in the in situ arterially perfused brainstem–spinal cord preparation from juvenile rat, revealing three rhythmic states of the respiratory network as the circuitry is progressively reduced. Top: pa ...
Common and specific inhibitory motor neurons innervate
... Inhibitory innervation is usually by common inhibitory motor neurons (CIs), which supply several or even all muscles of an appendage (e.g. Rathmayer and Erxleben, 1983). These common inhibitors function in the adjustment of muscle performance to behavioural requirements, ranging from postural mainte ...
... Inhibitory innervation is usually by common inhibitory motor neurons (CIs), which supply several or even all muscles of an appendage (e.g. Rathmayer and Erxleben, 1983). These common inhibitors function in the adjustment of muscle performance to behavioural requirements, ranging from postural mainte ...
commissural axons
... mechanism of action of axon guidance cues is much more complex than initially thought. In particular, many molecules interact and novel properties can emerge from cues acting together, rather than individually. Our current goals are thus to characterise the molecular crosstalks between the different ...
... mechanism of action of axon guidance cues is much more complex than initially thought. In particular, many molecules interact and novel properties can emerge from cues acting together, rather than individually. Our current goals are thus to characterise the molecular crosstalks between the different ...
NIH Public Access
... see Methods)9,10. Three weeks after injection, immunostaining confirmed EYFP expression specific to PV+ neurons (Fig. 1a). To measure the effect of ChR2 activation, we inserted a multichannel silicon probe4,5 near the injection site for simultaneous recording from all cortical layers (Supplementary ...
... see Methods)9,10. Three weeks after injection, immunostaining confirmed EYFP expression specific to PV+ neurons (Fig. 1a). To measure the effect of ChR2 activation, we inserted a multichannel silicon probe4,5 near the injection site for simultaneous recording from all cortical layers (Supplementary ...
Neural Mechanisms of Bias and Sensitivity in Hiroshi Nishida Muneyoshi Takahashi
... There is compelling evidence for cumulative decision mechanisms from single cell recordings in the lateral parietal area (LIP) and the frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys performing perceptual decisionmaking tasks. Such evidence comes from monkeys that are required to make a saccadic eye movement to t ...
... There is compelling evidence for cumulative decision mechanisms from single cell recordings in the lateral parietal area (LIP) and the frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys performing perceptual decisionmaking tasks. Such evidence comes from monkeys that are required to make a saccadic eye movement to t ...
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial
... could contribute to the observed changes in both synaptic density and cortical volume. Prior work from our laboratory has shown that a small rise in cell death in the visual cortex occurs at day 25 which is especially notable in females (Nunez et al., 2001). This finding indicates that cortical neur ...
... could contribute to the observed changes in both synaptic density and cortical volume. Prior work from our laboratory has shown that a small rise in cell death in the visual cortex occurs at day 25 which is especially notable in females (Nunez et al., 2001). This finding indicates that cortical neur ...
Assessing similarity to primary tissue and cortical layer identity in
... stem cell research community to establish the presence of neurons with different layer identities in iPSC-derived cortical neuronal cultures (2,4,11). However, many of these markers were inferred from studies of mouse brain or immunohistochemistry of human fetal brain, so the robustness of such mark ...
... stem cell research community to establish the presence of neurons with different layer identities in iPSC-derived cortical neuronal cultures (2,4,11). However, many of these markers were inferred from studies of mouse brain or immunohistochemistry of human fetal brain, so the robustness of such mark ...
US Copyright Law
... describe similar relations in the body as a whole; therefore, the brain's orientation with respect to the body determines the coordinate frame of reference that is used to describe anatomical relationships in the brain. But some confusing aspects of the terminology arise from differences in how the ...
... describe similar relations in the body as a whole; therefore, the brain's orientation with respect to the body determines the coordinate frame of reference that is used to describe anatomical relationships in the brain. But some confusing aspects of the terminology arise from differences in how the ...
07. Pons Internal Features 0102010-10-01 05:141.9
... fourth ventricle, extending into the midbrain • Contains pseudo-unipolar cells (cell bodies of primary sensory neurons and the only such cells in the central nervous system). • The peripheral fibers of the unipolar neurons is distributed through the mandibular division of the nerve to proprioceptive ...
... fourth ventricle, extending into the midbrain • Contains pseudo-unipolar cells (cell bodies of primary sensory neurons and the only such cells in the central nervous system). • The peripheral fibers of the unipolar neurons is distributed through the mandibular division of the nerve to proprioceptive ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM I
... Summation = many subthreshold stimuli received one after another may allow threshold potential to be reached, and trigger an AP, which in turn begins an impulse on a neuron. a. +15 mV = threshold = AP = impulse b. +5, +5, +5, = +15 mV = threshold = AP = impulse. ...
... Summation = many subthreshold stimuli received one after another may allow threshold potential to be reached, and trigger an AP, which in turn begins an impulse on a neuron. a. +15 mV = threshold = AP = impulse b. +5, +5, +5, = +15 mV = threshold = AP = impulse. ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic (cells) and macroscopic (EE ...
... The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic (cells) and macroscopic (EE ...
Radial migration: Retinal neurons hold on for the ride
... into the overlying neuropil. In many regions of the nervous system (for instance, the cerebral cortex and retina) each cell type settles at a specific radial location, giving rise to a laminar structure in which neurons are arranged according to their type and function. Radial migration therefore se ...
... into the overlying neuropil. In many regions of the nervous system (for instance, the cerebral cortex and retina) each cell type settles at a specific radial location, giving rise to a laminar structure in which neurons are arranged according to their type and function. Radial migration therefore se ...
PDF file
... synaptic connections are possible, excitatory and inhibitory. This is a recurrent network. The output from each layer is not only used as input for the next layer, but is also fed back into other neurons in the same layer through lateral inhibition (dashed lines in the figure). For each neuron i, at ...
... synaptic connections are possible, excitatory and inhibitory. This is a recurrent network. The output from each layer is not only used as input for the next layer, but is also fed back into other neurons in the same layer through lateral inhibition (dashed lines in the figure). For each neuron i, at ...
Kandel and Schwartz, 4th Edition Principles of Neural Science Chap
... The midbrain, the smallest part of the brain stem, lies rostral to the pons. Neurons in the midbrain provide important linkages between components of the motor systems, particularly the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral hemispheres. For example, the substantia nigra, a distinct nucleus ...
... The midbrain, the smallest part of the brain stem, lies rostral to the pons. Neurons in the midbrain provide important linkages between components of the motor systems, particularly the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral hemispheres. For example, the substantia nigra, a distinct nucleus ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... very similar intrinsic properties can be produced by different conductance densities (Goldman et al., 2001; Golowasch et al., 2002), this suggests that individual biological neurons of the same class may also be considerably more variable in conductance density than usually thought, especially since ...
... very similar intrinsic properties can be produced by different conductance densities (Goldman et al., 2001; Golowasch et al., 2002), this suggests that individual biological neurons of the same class may also be considerably more variable in conductance density than usually thought, especially since ...
潓慭潴敳獮牯⁹祓瑳浥
... Sensorimotor integration. In fact, not all of the sensory afferent fibers from the thalamus terminate in the somatosensory cortex; some terminate in the primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus. Thus, the sensory and motor cortical fields overlap to some extent, so that the precentral and postce ...
... Sensorimotor integration. In fact, not all of the sensory afferent fibers from the thalamus terminate in the somatosensory cortex; some terminate in the primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus. Thus, the sensory and motor cortical fields overlap to some extent, so that the precentral and postce ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...