The formation of urine
... Definition: Blood passes through a selectively permeable membrane. • Each nephron has an independent blood supply • Blood moves through afferent arteriole into glomerulus (high pressure filter) then out through the efferent arteriole • Dissolved solutes (ex: ions, glucose, amino acids,urea) pass thr ...
... Definition: Blood passes through a selectively permeable membrane. • Each nephron has an independent blood supply • Blood moves through afferent arteriole into glomerulus (high pressure filter) then out through the efferent arteriole • Dissolved solutes (ex: ions, glucose, amino acids,urea) pass thr ...
The Emergence of Selective Attention through - laral
... the time increases with the number of distracters and the similarity between the visual features of the target and the distracters [1]. These results, originally used to sustain a serial deployment of a visual attention ‘spotlight’, have been later explained by a parallel interactive process. In par ...
... the time increases with the number of distracters and the similarity between the visual features of the target and the distracters [1]. These results, originally used to sustain a serial deployment of a visual attention ‘spotlight’, have been later explained by a parallel interactive process. In par ...
The role of synchronous gamma-band activity in schizophrenia
... network of neurons Gamma-band: Oscillation in high-frequencies band ...
... network of neurons Gamma-band: Oscillation in high-frequencies band ...
Spikes, Local Field Potentials, and How to Model Both
... Local Field Potential and Continuous Models Spikes and Generalized Linear Models Example of GLM modeling in rat barrel cortex ...
... Local Field Potential and Continuous Models Spikes and Generalized Linear Models Example of GLM modeling in rat barrel cortex ...
Summary - Publikationsserver UB Marburg
... nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These neurons play an important role in the pathophysiology of drug abuse. The dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the Nucleus accumbens, amygdala and prefrontal cortex are implicated in reward and reinforcing effects of drugs abuse, whereas the ...
... nigra (SN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These neurons play an important role in the pathophysiology of drug abuse. The dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the Nucleus accumbens, amygdala and prefrontal cortex are implicated in reward and reinforcing effects of drugs abuse, whereas the ...
Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... regions were decomposed into dimensions of preference and predictability. The effect of preference was restricted to cortical regions associated with sensory processing, and the preferred stimulus resulted in greater activation in these regions. These regions lie near sensorimotor cortex known to be ...
... regions were decomposed into dimensions of preference and predictability. The effect of preference was restricted to cortical regions associated with sensory processing, and the preferred stimulus resulted in greater activation in these regions. These regions lie near sensorimotor cortex known to be ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate [non-NMDA: a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate] receptors, which mediate the fast component of glutamate signaling, are activated by visceral afferent transmission to NTS neurons (Andresen and Yang 1990; Brooks and Spyer 1993; Brooks e ...
... the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate [non-NMDA: a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate] receptors, which mediate the fast component of glutamate signaling, are activated by visceral afferent transmission to NTS neurons (Andresen and Yang 1990; Brooks and Spyer 1993; Brooks e ...
Chapter 17- The Special Senses
... B) are parts of neural pathways that are more complex than those of general senses. C) allow us to touch, taste, smell, see and hear. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 2) Smell A) is a chemical sense. B) impulses propagate to the occipital lobe and cerebellum. C) receptors are found ...
... B) are parts of neural pathways that are more complex than those of general senses. C) allow us to touch, taste, smell, see and hear. D) A and B are correct. E) A, B and C are correct. 2) Smell A) is a chemical sense. B) impulses propagate to the occipital lobe and cerebellum. C) receptors are found ...
Modeling stability in neuron and network function: the role of activity
... burster, but rather fired three spikes per burst.(26) In this case, averaging fails because the phenotype depends not on one single conductance, but on the correlated levels of several and illustrates that, although building models from average data is often reliable, it is not necessarily so. Unfor ...
... burster, but rather fired three spikes per burst.(26) In this case, averaging fails because the phenotype depends not on one single conductance, but on the correlated levels of several and illustrates that, although building models from average data is often reliable, it is not necessarily so. Unfor ...
Carl L.Faingold, Manish Raisinghani, Prosper N`Gouemo
... responses of the inferior colliculus (IC) to acoustic stimulation, and defects in specific forms of inhibition are key causative factors in audiogenic seizure initiation. Line (A) illustrates binaural inhibition common in ICc neurons. In the poststimulus time histogram (PSTH) example in line (A) (“N ...
... responses of the inferior colliculus (IC) to acoustic stimulation, and defects in specific forms of inhibition are key causative factors in audiogenic seizure initiation. Line (A) illustrates binaural inhibition common in ICc neurons. In the poststimulus time histogram (PSTH) example in line (A) (“N ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... (Ackert, 1914) and Krause end-bulbs, which are proposed to respond to high force levels in glabrous skin of other mammals (Munger and Ide, 1988). These end organs have not been reported in the hairy skin; therefore, these data reveal 4 Cell Reports 11, 1–8, May 12, 2015 ª2015 The Authors ...
... (Ackert, 1914) and Krause end-bulbs, which are proposed to respond to high force levels in glabrous skin of other mammals (Munger and Ide, 1988). These end organs have not been reported in the hairy skin; therefore, these data reveal 4 Cell Reports 11, 1–8, May 12, 2015 ª2015 The Authors ...
Visual Properties of Neurons in a Polysensory Area in Superior
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
Dorsal View Ventral View Dorsal View
... Cerebellar Input and Output pathways INPUT-1: Mossy fibers, ascend through the cerebellar white matter and form excitatory synapses on granule cells Granule cells’ axons form parallel fibers, each of these fibers form excitatory synapses with numerous Purkinje Cells. All output from the cerebellar ...
... Cerebellar Input and Output pathways INPUT-1: Mossy fibers, ascend through the cerebellar white matter and form excitatory synapses on granule cells Granule cells’ axons form parallel fibers, each of these fibers form excitatory synapses with numerous Purkinje Cells. All output from the cerebellar ...
Cortical and subcortical anatomy: basics and applied
... Primary, premotor and supplementary motor areas (as well as somatosensory cortex) are sources of descending (notably motor) tracts ! corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticoreticular - parallel processing. There is also hierarchical or serial processing, by way of subcortical association fibres: prefro ...
... Primary, premotor and supplementary motor areas (as well as somatosensory cortex) are sources of descending (notably motor) tracts ! corticospinal, corticobulbar, corticoreticular - parallel processing. There is also hierarchical or serial processing, by way of subcortical association fibres: prefro ...
29.4 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
... body. The CNS receives, interprets, and sends signals to the PNS. • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the collection of nerves that connects the CNS to all of your organ systems. The PNS uses sensory neurons to detect stimuli from inside and outside your body, and it uses motor neurons to carry ...
... body. The CNS receives, interprets, and sends signals to the PNS. • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the collection of nerves that connects the CNS to all of your organ systems. The PNS uses sensory neurons to detect stimuli from inside and outside your body, and it uses motor neurons to carry ...
Chapter 14 - WordPress.com
... Each region of the spinal cord contains tracts involved with that particular segment and those inferior to it Enlargements areas of coordination of incoming and outgoing messages o Cervical enlargement o Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris + filum terminale = cauda equina The spinal cord is ...
... Each region of the spinal cord contains tracts involved with that particular segment and those inferior to it Enlargements areas of coordination of incoming and outgoing messages o Cervical enlargement o Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris + filum terminale = cauda equina The spinal cord is ...
How the Gifted Brain Learns
... The brain is made up of cells which are the basic unit of life. The most important are nerve cells or neurons. These are electrically active chemicals that do our thinking. Our brains have billions of neurons. Neurons look like trees with lots of branches. The branches spread out and their job is to ...
... The brain is made up of cells which are the basic unit of life. The most important are nerve cells or neurons. These are electrically active chemicals that do our thinking. Our brains have billions of neurons. Neurons look like trees with lots of branches. The branches spread out and their job is to ...
Gaze direction controls response gain in primary visual
... cortical areas1±12, but the role of the primary visual cortex (area V1) in this process has remained unclear. Here we show that, for half the cells recorded in area V1 of behaving monkeys, the classically described visual responses are strongly modulated by gaze direction. Speci®cally, we ®nd that s ...
... cortical areas1±12, but the role of the primary visual cortex (area V1) in this process has remained unclear. Here we show that, for half the cells recorded in area V1 of behaving monkeys, the classically described visual responses are strongly modulated by gaze direction. Speci®cally, we ®nd that s ...
day2-morning2
... • The first step in the listening process is the reception of a stimulus or message- both the auditory and visual message. • The hearing process is based on a complex set of physical interactions between the ear and the brain. • Besides using the hearing mechanism, we listen through our visual syste ...
... • The first step in the listening process is the reception of a stimulus or message- both the auditory and visual message. • The hearing process is based on a complex set of physical interactions between the ear and the brain. • Besides using the hearing mechanism, we listen through our visual syste ...
Urinary System - Department of Zoology, UBC
... Henle resorb more fluid and salt => the filtrate flow and the osmolarity in the tubule will be low => the macula densa cells are inhibited from releasing the vasoconstrictive substance => afferent arteriole will dilate => increase in net filtration and GFR ...
... Henle resorb more fluid and salt => the filtrate flow and the osmolarity in the tubule will be low => the macula densa cells are inhibited from releasing the vasoconstrictive substance => afferent arteriole will dilate => increase in net filtration and GFR ...
intro_12 - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
... a. Anatomy. We know a lot about what is where. But be careful about labels: neurons in motor cortex sometimes respond to color. Connectivity. We know (more or less) which area is connected to which. We don’t know the wiring diagram at the microscopic level. But we might in a few decades! wij ...
... a. Anatomy. We know a lot about what is where. But be careful about labels: neurons in motor cortex sometimes respond to color. Connectivity. We know (more or less) which area is connected to which. We don’t know the wiring diagram at the microscopic level. But we might in a few decades! wij ...
Reflex Activity/Lab
... Effector: the quadriceps femoris muscle group (agonists) contracts and extends the leg when stimulated Activity: Testing the Patellar Reflex 1) Choose one member of your group to be the subject. Have the subject sit on the edge of a table or tall lab chair with the knees off the table or chair and ...
... Effector: the quadriceps femoris muscle group (agonists) contracts and extends the leg when stimulated Activity: Testing the Patellar Reflex 1) Choose one member of your group to be the subject. Have the subject sit on the edge of a table or tall lab chair with the knees off the table or chair and ...
physiological role of neuropeptide y in sympathetic neurotransmission
... frequency of nerve stimulation. The Y2 agonists not only inhibited the evoked release of NE but also the nerve stimulation induced increase in perfusion pressure. In contrast Y1 selective agonists facilitated the increase in perfusion pressure. In contrast to the prejunctional inhibitory effect of N ...
... frequency of nerve stimulation. The Y2 agonists not only inhibited the evoked release of NE but also the nerve stimulation induced increase in perfusion pressure. In contrast Y1 selective agonists facilitated the increase in perfusion pressure. In contrast to the prejunctional inhibitory effect of N ...
Molecular heterogeneity of central synapses: afferent and target
... transporter responsible for loading GABA into vesicles (VIAAT/VGAT), and the major plasma membrane transporter responsible for reuptake of GABA (GAT-1) are found at symmetric but not asymmetric synapses8–11. In situ hybridization studies indicate this is due primarily to expression by GABAergic but ...
... transporter responsible for loading GABA into vesicles (VIAAT/VGAT), and the major plasma membrane transporter responsible for reuptake of GABA (GAT-1) are found at symmetric but not asymmetric synapses8–11. In situ hybridization studies indicate this is due primarily to expression by GABAergic but ...
embj201488977-sup-0010-Suppl
... engagement in CRH neurons. (A) Secretagogin can affect CRH release either indirectly, by affecting the function of key proteins involved in the vesicle formation and cargo along the axons to the median eminence (“vesicle logistics”), or more directly, by Ca2+-dependent modulation of the exocytosis m ...
... engagement in CRH neurons. (A) Secretagogin can affect CRH release either indirectly, by affecting the function of key proteins involved in the vesicle formation and cargo along the axons to the median eminence (“vesicle logistics”), or more directly, by Ca2+-dependent modulation of the exocytosis m ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.