embj201488977-sup-0010-Suppl
... engagement in CRH neurons. (A) Secretagogin can affect CRH release either indirectly, by affecting the function of key proteins involved in the vesicle formation and cargo along the axons to the median eminence (“vesicle logistics”), or more directly, by Ca2+-dependent modulation of the exocytosis m ...
... engagement in CRH neurons. (A) Secretagogin can affect CRH release either indirectly, by affecting the function of key proteins involved in the vesicle formation and cargo along the axons to the median eminence (“vesicle logistics”), or more directly, by Ca2+-dependent modulation of the exocytosis m ...
Shedding Light on the Role of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine in
... demonstrate that a phasic increase in VTA DA neuron activity is sufficient to form a Pavlovian association and assign motivational value to cues. Although the data in Adamantidis et al. (2011) suggest that VTA DA activation does not directly reinforce behavior, it may do so under different experimen ...
... demonstrate that a phasic increase in VTA DA neuron activity is sufficient to form a Pavlovian association and assign motivational value to cues. Although the data in Adamantidis et al. (2011) suggest that VTA DA activation does not directly reinforce behavior, it may do so under different experimen ...
The Special Senses Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi © 2016 Ebneshahidi
... the basilar membrane. • High Hz sounds occurs at the cochlea's base, vibrating the narrow stiff basilar membrane of the basal cochlea. • Low HZ sounds shift toward the apical cochlea, vibrating its wide, loose membrane. • The basilar membrane vibration induce receptor potentials in the hair cells of ...
... the basilar membrane. • High Hz sounds occurs at the cochlea's base, vibrating the narrow stiff basilar membrane of the basal cochlea. • Low HZ sounds shift toward the apical cochlea, vibrating its wide, loose membrane. • The basilar membrane vibration induce receptor potentials in the hair cells of ...
Visual Field and the Human Visual System
... The visual field represented in its projection to the retina demonstrates how the lens of the eye inverts the image being viewed. Up is inverted down and right is represented on the left. Signals from the right retinas (left visual field) of both eyes travel through the optic nerve, optic tract, and ...
... The visual field represented in its projection to the retina demonstrates how the lens of the eye inverts the image being viewed. Up is inverted down and right is represented on the left. Signals from the right retinas (left visual field) of both eyes travel through the optic nerve, optic tract, and ...
The Nervous System
... Migraine headaches affect roughly 5 percent of the population. An individual with a classic migraine experiences visual or other sensory signals that an attack is imminent. The headache pain may then be accompanied by disturbances in vision or somatic sensation, extreme anxiety, nausea, or disorient ...
... Migraine headaches affect roughly 5 percent of the population. An individual with a classic migraine experiences visual or other sensory signals that an attack is imminent. The headache pain may then be accompanied by disturbances in vision or somatic sensation, extreme anxiety, nausea, or disorient ...
Neuroembryology II_UniTsNeurosciAY1415_06a
... (1) Bayer & Altmann (1991) classically assume that common precursors located in the dorsal telencephalic wall give rise to the entire neocortical neuronal complement. (2) more recently, it has been demonstrated that more and more laminar neuronal subpopulations derive from dedicated ancestors locate ...
... (1) Bayer & Altmann (1991) classically assume that common precursors located in the dorsal telencephalic wall give rise to the entire neocortical neuronal complement. (2) more recently, it has been demonstrated that more and more laminar neuronal subpopulations derive from dedicated ancestors locate ...
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus (A model for all
... Activation gate closed, inactivation gate OPEN ...
... Activation gate closed, inactivation gate OPEN ...
Peripheral part of the vestibular system
... • 2) middle ear (air filled pouch extending from the pharynx to which it is connected with Eustachian tube) • Three bones: malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil) and stapes (or stirrup) inserts in an opening-the oval window- in the boning covering of the cochlea • Fenestra ovalis (vestibuli), fenestr ...
... • 2) middle ear (air filled pouch extending from the pharynx to which it is connected with Eustachian tube) • Three bones: malleus (or hammer), incus (or anvil) and stapes (or stirrup) inserts in an opening-the oval window- in the boning covering of the cochlea • Fenestra ovalis (vestibuli), fenestr ...
Dorsal Column Nuclei Neurons Recorded in a Brain Stem–Spinal
... Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from 21 neurons that responded to dorsal root stimulation with a fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). These neurons were located lateral to, but at the level of, the area postrema at depths of 100 –268 m below the dorsal surface of the brain. Th ...
... Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from 21 neurons that responded to dorsal root stimulation with a fast excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). These neurons were located lateral to, but at the level of, the area postrema at depths of 100 –268 m below the dorsal surface of the brain. Th ...
Physiology and Ecology Review
... Question 10: All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT: A. A rise in the population of prey is often followed by a rise in the population of predators. B. A rise in the population of predators is followed by a decrease in the popula ...
... Question 10: All of the following statements concerning characteristics of predator-prey relationships are correct EXCEPT: A. A rise in the population of prey is often followed by a rise in the population of predators. B. A rise in the population of predators is followed by a decrease in the popula ...
NEURAL REGULATION OF BREATHING Section 4, Part A
... I. Medullary Respiratory Center A. Medulla isolated from cranial nerves and higher centers can drive respiratory muscles 1. rhythm appears "ataxic" B. Integration of neural centers 1. nucleus of the tractus solitarus (NTS) or dorsal resp. group a. appears to receive and integrate sensory information ...
... I. Medullary Respiratory Center A. Medulla isolated from cranial nerves and higher centers can drive respiratory muscles 1. rhythm appears "ataxic" B. Integration of neural centers 1. nucleus of the tractus solitarus (NTS) or dorsal resp. group a. appears to receive and integrate sensory information ...
Imaging the Functional Organization of Zebrafish
... We asked first whether the Mauthner cell and its homologs were activated together during escapes, and second, how their pattern of activation varied during escapes elicited by sensory stimuli at different locations. We examined both questions by directly observing which members of this set of homolo ...
... We asked first whether the Mauthner cell and its homologs were activated together during escapes, and second, how their pattern of activation varied during escapes elicited by sensory stimuli at different locations. We examined both questions by directly observing which members of this set of homolo ...
Multi-Sensory Neurons
... neurons receive input from two senses: about 10% of auditory neurons also process visual input, 10% of somato-sensory neurons process visual information as well, while about 10% of visual neurons also receive auditory information, and another 10% of visual neurons in another area in the visual cort ...
... neurons receive input from two senses: about 10% of auditory neurons also process visual input, 10% of somato-sensory neurons process visual information as well, while about 10% of visual neurons also receive auditory information, and another 10% of visual neurons in another area in the visual cort ...
Visual adaptation: Neural, psychological and computational aspects
... To understand adaptation at higher levels of a sensory stream, it is important to know how neurons at each stage of processing adapt and how plasticity occurring early in the processing stream impacts downstream areas. In macaque IT cortex, for example, neuronal adaptation has been reported to show ...
... To understand adaptation at higher levels of a sensory stream, it is important to know how neurons at each stage of processing adapt and how plasticity occurring early in the processing stream impacts downstream areas. In macaque IT cortex, for example, neuronal adaptation has been reported to show ...
Motor systems
... A. control over facial muscles; bilateral input to motor neurons controlling muscles in upper face, but contralateral input to motor neurons controlling lower face (in humans, not sure about rodents) B. control over muscles of mastication: motor trigeminal, and RF C. control over external eye mus ...
... A. control over facial muscles; bilateral input to motor neurons controlling muscles in upper face, but contralateral input to motor neurons controlling lower face (in humans, not sure about rodents) B. control over muscles of mastication: motor trigeminal, and RF C. control over external eye mus ...
Lecture 1- Electromyography
... →recruitment of MUs →↑number & size of MUAPs. At full contraction separate MUAPs will be indistinguishable resulting in a complete recruitment = interference pattern. ...
... →recruitment of MUs →↑number & size of MUAPs. At full contraction separate MUAPs will be indistinguishable resulting in a complete recruitment = interference pattern. ...
Stable propagation of synchronous spiking in cortical neural networks
... the ®ring behaviour of cortical neurons13,14. We focused on spike responses to transient membrane-potential excursions, implied by the physiological ®ndings1±5. As a rule, such transients are explained by convergent inputs from simultaneously spiking neurons onto a target neuron (Fig. 1a). These tra ...
... the ®ring behaviour of cortical neurons13,14. We focused on spike responses to transient membrane-potential excursions, implied by the physiological ®ndings1±5. As a rule, such transients are explained by convergent inputs from simultaneously spiking neurons onto a target neuron (Fig. 1a). These tra ...
Biology-Soto
... •Spinal Cord ◦ main communications link between the brain the rest of the body ...
... •Spinal Cord ◦ main communications link between the brain the rest of the body ...
Neural Ensemble www.AssignmentPoint.com A neural ensemble is
... Neuroscientists have discovered that individual neurons are very noisy. For example, by examining the activity of only a single neuron in the visual cortex, it is very difficult to reconstruct the visual scene that the owner of the brain is looking at. Like a single Wikipedia participant, an individ ...
... Neuroscientists have discovered that individual neurons are very noisy. For example, by examining the activity of only a single neuron in the visual cortex, it is very difficult to reconstruct the visual scene that the owner of the brain is looking at. Like a single Wikipedia participant, an individ ...
Spinal Cord
... experience, anxiety, suggestions Affective – one’s emotional factors that can affect pain experience Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain Cognitive – one’s beliefs (attitudes) about pain ...
... experience, anxiety, suggestions Affective – one’s emotional factors that can affect pain experience Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain Cognitive – one’s beliefs (attitudes) about pain ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.