The honeybee as a model for understanding the basis of cognition
... the thorax and abdomen. The brain processes second or higher order inputs from all sensory organs, and coordinates the behavioural output through descending premotor neurons or interneurons. Although the brain of the honeybee is small (about 0.4 to 0.6 mm3 with about 1 million neurons), it is large ...
... the thorax and abdomen. The brain processes second or higher order inputs from all sensory organs, and coordinates the behavioural output through descending premotor neurons or interneurons. Although the brain of the honeybee is small (about 0.4 to 0.6 mm3 with about 1 million neurons), it is large ...
Dynamics of Spontaneous Activity in Neocortical Slices
... neocortical brain slices can sustain spontaneous activity. In the past, slices have been used to study the responses of neurons to electrical or pharmacological stimulations. At the same time, EPSPs and IPSPs are routinely recorded intracellularly from neurons in slices even under conditions in whic ...
... neocortical brain slices can sustain spontaneous activity. In the past, slices have been used to study the responses of neurons to electrical or pharmacological stimulations. At the same time, EPSPs and IPSPs are routinely recorded intracellularly from neurons in slices even under conditions in whic ...
and “Wanting” Linked to Reward Deficiency
... Neuroimaging studies in humans add credence to this hypothesis. Credible evidence also implicates serotonergic, opioid, endocannabinoid, GABAergic, and glutamatergic mechanisms in addiction as denoted in the brain reward cascade hypothesis [10]. Critically, drug addiction progresses from occasional ...
... Neuroimaging studies in humans add credence to this hypothesis. Credible evidence also implicates serotonergic, opioid, endocannabinoid, GABAergic, and glutamatergic mechanisms in addiction as denoted in the brain reward cascade hypothesis [10]. Critically, drug addiction progresses from occasional ...
Neural Activity and the Development of Brain Circuits
... how the neurons in its nervous system are connected with one another and the motor output. During early human development over 100 billion neurons each establish from dozens to thousands of connections with one another and with muscle fibres. At all levels of the nervous system, precise connections e ...
... how the neurons in its nervous system are connected with one another and the motor output. During early human development over 100 billion neurons each establish from dozens to thousands of connections with one another and with muscle fibres. At all levels of the nervous system, precise connections e ...
Nervous System Anatomy: Spinal Cord
... Also known as the common fibular nerve Innervates tibialis anterior, peroneus (fibularis) longus & brevis, & other muscles of the lower leg & foot Formed from branches of the Tibial & Common Peroneal nn. Innervates skin of lower leg & foot ...
... Also known as the common fibular nerve Innervates tibialis anterior, peroneus (fibularis) longus & brevis, & other muscles of the lower leg & foot Formed from branches of the Tibial & Common Peroneal nn. Innervates skin of lower leg & foot ...
NIH Public Access
... fraction (12/96, 13%) of the neurons showed significant increases in spontaneous firing rate, while 43% (41/96) showed significant decreases (Fig. 1b, c, Supplementary Fig. 1c). The cells with increased firing exhibited narrower spike waveforms than those with decreased firing (Fig. 1c, inset; peak- ...
... fraction (12/96, 13%) of the neurons showed significant increases in spontaneous firing rate, while 43% (41/96) showed significant decreases (Fig. 1b, c, Supplementary Fig. 1c). The cells with increased firing exhibited narrower spike waveforms than those with decreased firing (Fig. 1c, inset; peak- ...
Chapter 4 monkey
... averaged across cells. We determined the significance of differences in response strength between stimuli in various time windows, applying paired t-tests for the population data. We defined the target selection activity (attentional modulation) of the FEF neurons as the difference between responses ...
... averaged across cells. We determined the significance of differences in response strength between stimuli in various time windows, applying paired t-tests for the population data. We defined the target selection activity (attentional modulation) of the FEF neurons as the difference between responses ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above ;10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above ;10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
asgn2d -- CEREBRAL CORTEX:
... The map of the body is the way the brain codes location on the body. Touch on the foot makes neurons (nerve cells) at the top end of the somatosensory area respond. Touch to the face activates neurons at the bottom end of the somatosensory area. Touch on each finger activates cells in neighboring pa ...
... The map of the body is the way the brain codes location on the body. Touch on the foot makes neurons (nerve cells) at the top end of the somatosensory area respond. Touch to the face activates neurons at the bottom end of the somatosensory area. Touch on each finger activates cells in neighboring pa ...
Acetylcholine (ACh)
... Action Potential – An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron, changing the cell’s charge from negative to positive ...
... Action Potential – An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron, changing the cell’s charge from negative to positive ...
Mechanism of relation among heart meridian, referred cardiac pain
... composed of 14 lines distributed in limbs and trunk. The relationship between meridians (soma) and zang-fu organs (viscera) is a key content of the meridian doctrine, which comprises the morpho-functional unit of somatic-visceral connections. The heart meridian (HM), one of the 14 meridians, is dist ...
... composed of 14 lines distributed in limbs and trunk. The relationship between meridians (soma) and zang-fu organs (viscera) is a key content of the meridian doctrine, which comprises the morpho-functional unit of somatic-visceral connections. The heart meridian (HM), one of the 14 meridians, is dist ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above !10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
... a few Hertz and fall rapidly to zero above !10 Hz. This might give the impression that cortical neurons act as low-pass filters of the sensory stimuli that drive them. However, the same neurons can exhibit vigorous responses to transients, such as rapid stimulus onsets, that have much of their power ...
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... contributing to the utility of center-surround receptive field organization, along with decorrelation and response gain. Furthermore, sparse codes of natural sounds have been shown to produce temporal response profiles with properties similar to those of early auditory neurons (Lewicki, 2002). This ...
... contributing to the utility of center-surround receptive field organization, along with decorrelation and response gain. Furthermore, sparse codes of natural sounds have been shown to produce temporal response profiles with properties similar to those of early auditory neurons (Lewicki, 2002). This ...
Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and
... Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and interactions Shinsuke Shimojo* and Ladan Shams† Historically, perception has been viewed as a modular function, with the different sensory modalities operating independently of each other. Recent behavioral and brain imaging studies chal ...
... Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and interactions Shinsuke Shimojo* and Ladan Shams† Historically, perception has been viewed as a modular function, with the different sensory modalities operating independently of each other. Recent behavioral and brain imaging studies chal ...
Renal Physiology 1
... substances from it, and in a few cases, by adding substances to it. • Works with cardiovascular system (and others!) in integrated manner ...
... substances from it, and in a few cases, by adding substances to it. • Works with cardiovascular system (and others!) in integrated manner ...
Digestive Systems
... Some are deposited in the liver Used to replace worn out cells and build new for ...
... Some are deposited in the liver Used to replace worn out cells and build new for ...
Expression of AMPA/kainate receptors during development of chick
... antibodies. The changes in [Ca2+ ]i in response to 400 M kainate increased from 5 h in vitro to 3 days, and remained constant until day 14, whereas the [Ca2+ ]i in response to 500 M l-glutamate or 400 M AMPA increased from 5 h in vitro to 3 days, and thereafter decreased slightly until day 14. Th ...
... antibodies. The changes in [Ca2+ ]i in response to 400 M kainate increased from 5 h in vitro to 3 days, and remained constant until day 14, whereas the [Ca2+ ]i in response to 500 M l-glutamate or 400 M AMPA increased from 5 h in vitro to 3 days, and thereafter decreased slightly until day 14. Th ...
The nature of neuronal words and language
... such as the importance of message itself, or the specific levels of light, sound, pain, pressure, stretch, or substance concentrations sensed. It is this last component, the quantitative nature of information within the brain, where specific frequency-encoded neuronal words appear to play an importa ...
... such as the importance of message itself, or the specific levels of light, sound, pain, pressure, stretch, or substance concentrations sensed. It is this last component, the quantitative nature of information within the brain, where specific frequency-encoded neuronal words appear to play an importa ...
Anterolateral Systems
... With extramedullary lesions, radicular pain is often prominent, and there is early sacral sensory loss (lateral spinothalamic tract) and spastic weakness in the legs (corticospinal tract) due to the superficial location of leg fibers in the corticospinal tract. Intramedullary lesions tend to pro ...
... With extramedullary lesions, radicular pain is often prominent, and there is early sacral sensory loss (lateral spinothalamic tract) and spastic weakness in the legs (corticospinal tract) due to the superficial location of leg fibers in the corticospinal tract. Intramedullary lesions tend to pro ...
Practical Implications of Sleep Neurochemistry
... NMDA receptors • Possibly the most complicated of all neurotransmitter receptors is the NMDA glutamate receptor. • N-Methyl-D-Aspartate is a synthetic chemical not naturally found in biological systems, but it binds specifically to the NMDA glutamate receptor (receptors are frequently named for art ...
... NMDA receptors • Possibly the most complicated of all neurotransmitter receptors is the NMDA glutamate receptor. • N-Methyl-D-Aspartate is a synthetic chemical not naturally found in biological systems, but it binds specifically to the NMDA glutamate receptor (receptors are frequently named for art ...
MS-SCI-LS-Unit 4 -- Chapter 15- Nervous System
... the dendrites of a neuron. The impulse moves rapidly toward the neuron's cell body and then down the axon until it reaches the axon tip. A nerve impulse travels along the neuron in the form of electrical and chemical signals. Nerve impulses can travel as fast as 120 meters per second! ...
... the dendrites of a neuron. The impulse moves rapidly toward the neuron's cell body and then down the axon until it reaches the axon tip. A nerve impulse travels along the neuron in the form of electrical and chemical signals. Nerve impulses can travel as fast as 120 meters per second! ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... to the spinal cord. It serves postural control and balance, acting on the anti-gravity muscles of the arms and legs. Pontine reticulospinal tract is uncrossed, descends the length of the spinal cord and has direct monosynaptic excitatory inputs on motor neurons innervating anti-gravity muscles of th ...
... to the spinal cord. It serves postural control and balance, acting on the anti-gravity muscles of the arms and legs. Pontine reticulospinal tract is uncrossed, descends the length of the spinal cord and has direct monosynaptic excitatory inputs on motor neurons innervating anti-gravity muscles of th ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... reported in MGB of other mammals. Small neurons were described as Golgi type II neurons in the cat [9, 11, 31], rat [27], and in the opossum [34]. The Golgi type II neurons form dendro-dendritic synapses with the principal neurons in terminal aggregates called synaptic nests [11]. The Golgi type II ...
... reported in MGB of other mammals. Small neurons were described as Golgi type II neurons in the cat [9, 11, 31], rat [27], and in the opossum [34]. The Golgi type II neurons form dendro-dendritic synapses with the principal neurons in terminal aggregates called synaptic nests [11]. The Golgi type II ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.