Anatomy and Neuroscience Research Projects for 2013
... Neural Mechanisms of Bone Pain (Jason Ivanusic) Project 1: Changes in the neuro-chemical phenotype of primary afferent neurons that innervate bone in an animal model of inflammatory bone pain. ................................................................. 21 Project 2: Changes in neurotrophin si ...
... Neural Mechanisms of Bone Pain (Jason Ivanusic) Project 1: Changes in the neuro-chemical phenotype of primary afferent neurons that innervate bone in an animal model of inflammatory bone pain. ................................................................. 21 Project 2: Changes in neurotrophin si ...
Strategies for the Generation of Neuronal Diversity in the
... turned on in the floor plate, and at a time when cells are already specified to become motor neurons (Roelink et al., 1994). Indeed, there is evidence that some cells have already adopted a motor neuron identity before the floor plate has been specified (Yamada et al., 1993). While the presence of t ...
... turned on in the floor plate, and at a time when cells are already specified to become motor neurons (Roelink et al., 1994). Indeed, there is evidence that some cells have already adopted a motor neuron identity before the floor plate has been specified (Yamada et al., 1993). While the presence of t ...
Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN questions
... pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk, and the postganglionic axon leaves the trunk via a gray ramus communic ...
... pathways are: the spinal nerve pathway, the postganglionic sympathetic pathway, the splanchnic nerve pathway, and the adrenal medulla pathway. In the spinal nerve pathway, the preganglionic axon synapses in the sympathetic trunk, and the postganglionic axon leaves the trunk via a gray ramus communic ...
Reaching for the brain: stimulating neural activity as the big leap in
... convincingly excluded. The critical reader would therefore be looking forward to follow-up studies with a deeper focus on the timing and success of target reinnervation, e.g., with increased animal numbers, extensive visual testing before, immediately after and at late time points post lesion, and a ...
... convincingly excluded. The critical reader would therefore be looking forward to follow-up studies with a deeper focus on the timing and success of target reinnervation, e.g., with increased animal numbers, extensive visual testing before, immediately after and at late time points post lesion, and a ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... subtype receives synaptic inputs. Fast synaptic transmission occurs between OPCs and axons, both in the hippocampus and the cerebellum12,13. These OPCs can receive input mediated by the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)14,15. The functional significance of these neuron-to-gl ...
... subtype receives synaptic inputs. Fast synaptic transmission occurs between OPCs and axons, both in the hippocampus and the cerebellum12,13. These OPCs can receive input mediated by the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)14,15. The functional significance of these neuron-to-gl ...
Minireview Embarrassed, but Not Depressed: Eye Opening Lessons
... many areas and provide a shared input to both the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei. In the cortex, mossy fibers synapse onto granule cells, whose axons bifurcate into parallel fibers. Parallel fibers synapse on Purkinje cells and inhibitory interneurons. Purkinje cells are the sole cortical output ...
... many areas and provide a shared input to both the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei. In the cortex, mossy fibers synapse onto granule cells, whose axons bifurcate into parallel fibers. Parallel fibers synapse on Purkinje cells and inhibitory interneurons. Purkinje cells are the sole cortical output ...
Sample
... LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) Schwann cells Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA:1.1 37) Which of the following is true of Schwa ...
... LO: 2.2 APA: 1.2 36) The ________ are important for the process of myelination of nerve axon membranes in brain. A) oligodendrocytes B) microglia C) astrocytes D) neurocytes E) Schwann cells Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 27 Objective: Factual LO: 2.2 APA:1.1 37) Which of the following is true of Schwa ...
Zebrafish primary neurons initiate expression of the
... the long and thick axon. The DoLA interneuron has most of these characteristics, in addition this neuron seems to be specific for the embryonic stage of the zebrafish. Later in development Isl-1 starts to appear in secondary neurons spreading from anterior to posterior. The presence of Isl-1-positiv ...
... the long and thick axon. The DoLA interneuron has most of these characteristics, in addition this neuron seems to be specific for the embryonic stage of the zebrafish. Later in development Isl-1 starts to appear in secondary neurons spreading from anterior to posterior. The presence of Isl-1-positiv ...
Regional Specialization of the Membrane of Retinal Glial Cells and
... redistribute a localized [K+l0increase across the entire thickness of the retina. This is illustrated in FIGURE5A,which indicates the pattern of K+ fluxes across the Muller cell membrane (arrows) following a [K+l0increase in the inner plexiform layer. In this situation, the local [K+l0increase is at ...
... redistribute a localized [K+l0increase across the entire thickness of the retina. This is illustrated in FIGURE5A,which indicates the pattern of K+ fluxes across the Muller cell membrane (arrows) following a [K+l0increase in the inner plexiform layer. In this situation, the local [K+l0increase is at ...
Musings on the Wanderer: What`s New in Our Understanding of
... contrast to the relatively extensive sensory reinnervation of the gut, motor fibers failed to reinnervate the gastrointestinal tract even 45 days after vagotomy (46). There are several potential mechanisms that may be responsible for the failure of the efferents to regenerate (46). Competition for l ...
... contrast to the relatively extensive sensory reinnervation of the gut, motor fibers failed to reinnervate the gastrointestinal tract even 45 days after vagotomy (46). There are several potential mechanisms that may be responsible for the failure of the efferents to regenerate (46). Competition for l ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
How different are the visual representations used for object
... network connection termed by [9] as Fast Enabling Links (FELs). The first three layers of JIM3 three act together to output each component geon at a different point in time. If this did not happen and attributes of separate geons fired synchronously then their attributes would get super-imposed. The ...
... network connection termed by [9] as Fast Enabling Links (FELs). The first three layers of JIM3 three act together to output each component geon at a different point in time. If this did not happen and attributes of separate geons fired synchronously then their attributes would get super-imposed. The ...
distribution of leucine-3h during axoplasmic
... unlabeled . The peripheral pattern of labeling in the nerve endings is consistent with successive addition of newly synthesized proteins at the periphery of the growth cone and release of substances such as trophic factors at the nerve terminal . ...
... unlabeled . The peripheral pattern of labeling in the nerve endings is consistent with successive addition of newly synthesized proteins at the periphery of the growth cone and release of substances such as trophic factors at the nerve terminal . ...
NeuroMem Decision Space Mapping
... neuron automatically reduces its influence field to exclude V. All neurons firing with a category different from B do the same and a new neuron is committed to store V as a new prototype with a category B. The influence field of this new neuron is set to the smallest distance of all the firing neuro ...
... neuron automatically reduces its influence field to exclude V. All neurons firing with a category different from B do the same and a new neuron is committed to store V as a new prototype with a category B. The influence field of this new neuron is set to the smallest distance of all the firing neuro ...
a r t I C l e S
... During the development of peripheral ganglia, 50% of the neurons that are generated undergo apoptosis. How the massive numbers of corpses are removed is unknown. We found that satellite glial cell precursors are the primary phagocytic cells for apoptotic corpse removal in developing mouse dorsal roo ...
... During the development of peripheral ganglia, 50% of the neurons that are generated undergo apoptosis. How the massive numbers of corpses are removed is unknown. We found that satellite glial cell precursors are the primary phagocytic cells for apoptotic corpse removal in developing mouse dorsal roo ...
Physiological Psychology - II Sem
... signals is called postsynaptic. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas are full of molecular machinery that carries out the signalling process. The presynaptic area contains large numbers of tiny spherical vessels called synaptic vesicles, packed with neurotransmitter chemicals. When the presyn ...
... signals is called postsynaptic. Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic areas are full of molecular machinery that carries out the signalling process. The presynaptic area contains large numbers of tiny spherical vessels called synaptic vesicles, packed with neurotransmitter chemicals. When the presyn ...
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
... Gliosis and cavitation in midline of the spinal cord – CSF enters the cord. The larger the cavitation, the more tracts affected. One possible cause is a Chiari Malformation. Other causes include trauma, infection. (anything that compresses the ...
... Gliosis and cavitation in midline of the spinal cord – CSF enters the cord. The larger the cavitation, the more tracts affected. One possible cause is a Chiari Malformation. Other causes include trauma, infection. (anything that compresses the ...
Molecular basis of learning in the hippocampus and the amygdala
... Diglyceride (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). In turn, IP3 activate IP3 receptors on smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is a calcium store in a cell (Alberts et al. 2013). Nitrous oxide (NO) laso plays a crucial role in STP (Bernabeu et al., 1995). NO acts retrogradely (on pre-synapse) a ...
... Diglyceride (DAG) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). In turn, IP3 activate IP3 receptors on smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is a calcium store in a cell (Alberts et al. 2013). Nitrous oxide (NO) laso plays a crucial role in STP (Bernabeu et al., 1995). NO acts retrogradely (on pre-synapse) a ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... (arrowhead in the figure) sending one axonal sister process a2-1 into glomerulus G1, and a second one, a2-2, to glomerulus G2. Similarly, branch b innervated glomerulus G2 but, before entering into it, issues an additional branch, b1, to glomerulus G1 (Fig. 3B, schematically depicted in Fig. 3D). The ...
... (arrowhead in the figure) sending one axonal sister process a2-1 into glomerulus G1, and a second one, a2-2, to glomerulus G2. Similarly, branch b innervated glomerulus G2 but, before entering into it, issues an additional branch, b1, to glomerulus G1 (Fig. 3B, schematically depicted in Fig. 3D). The ...
Ectodermal Placodes: Contributions to the
... neurons differentiate early establishing peripheral and central projections before neural crest cells initiate axonogenesis (Covell and Noden, 1989) and thus serve an important role in establishing neuronal tracks used by neural crest-derived neurons. Furthermore, in the absence of placodal neurons, ...
... neurons differentiate early establishing peripheral and central projections before neural crest cells initiate axonogenesis (Covell and Noden, 1989) and thus serve an important role in establishing neuronal tracks used by neural crest-derived neurons. Furthermore, in the absence of placodal neurons, ...
Combinatorial Marking of Cells and Organelles with Split
... be used demonstrate changes in gene expression also be used to identify cells expressing a particular gene be used to label cell constituents in a restricted set of cells ...
... be used demonstrate changes in gene expression also be used to identify cells expressing a particular gene be used to label cell constituents in a restricted set of cells ...
Wild-Type Nonneuronal Cells Extend Survival of SOD1 Mutant
... express mutant SOD1 develop a progressive motor neuron disease that shares many features with human ALS; the complete absence of SOD1 in mice does not cause such disease (7). Because toxicity is neither accelerated nor ameliorated by reducing wild-type SOD1 activity (8) and is either unaffected (8) ...
... express mutant SOD1 develop a progressive motor neuron disease that shares many features with human ALS; the complete absence of SOD1 in mice does not cause such disease (7). Because toxicity is neither accelerated nor ameliorated by reducing wild-type SOD1 activity (8) and is either unaffected (8) ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.