Neuroscience 1b – Spinal Cord Dysfunction
... Spinal Cord: Grey matter (cell bodies) surrounded by white matter (axons). Dorsal Horns: receive sensory information from spinal nerves and dorsal roots. This is then either taken to the brain for processing, or used in a reflex. Ventral Horns: contain the axons of the motor neurons used in muscle c ...
... Spinal Cord: Grey matter (cell bodies) surrounded by white matter (axons). Dorsal Horns: receive sensory information from spinal nerves and dorsal roots. This is then either taken to the brain for processing, or used in a reflex. Ventral Horns: contain the axons of the motor neurons used in muscle c ...
Pain - mbbsclub.com
... to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment or dermatome as the structure in which the pain originates. E.g, the arm and heart have the same segmental origin. CONVERGENCE –PROJECTION THEORY: The basis for referred pain may be convergence of somatic and visceral pain fibers on the s ...
... to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment or dermatome as the structure in which the pain originates. E.g, the arm and heart have the same segmental origin. CONVERGENCE –PROJECTION THEORY: The basis for referred pain may be convergence of somatic and visceral pain fibers on the s ...
Taste Physiology - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... inorganic salts of magnesium, ammonium, calcium. receptor activation: bitter substances reduce cAMP (via G protein*) and increase IP3 and DAG. *novel G protein (α-gusducin) has been cloned - it activates phosphodiesterase, but exact role remains unsettled. all four modalities can be sensed on ...
... inorganic salts of magnesium, ammonium, calcium. receptor activation: bitter substances reduce cAMP (via G protein*) and increase IP3 and DAG. *novel G protein (α-gusducin) has been cloned - it activates phosphodiesterase, but exact role remains unsettled. all four modalities can be sensed on ...
THE PEDAL NEURONS OF APLYSIA PUNCTATA
... There are no detailed accounts of the connexions and branching of the axons of neurons in the pedal ganglia of opisthobranchs. Most of the experiments on these ganglia have been limited to cutting and stimulating nerve trunks, and using these techniques, Frohlich (1910) demonstrated the role of the ...
... There are no detailed accounts of the connexions and branching of the axons of neurons in the pedal ganglia of opisthobranchs. Most of the experiments on these ganglia have been limited to cutting and stimulating nerve trunks, and using these techniques, Frohlich (1910) demonstrated the role of the ...
PDF
... simple central nervous systems animals and even in animals with no central nervous system, such as jellyfish and other Cnidaria (Mackie, 1984). In these types of animals, the expression of rapid postural responses to startling stimuli often takes the form of an escape reflex to avoid predators. Whil ...
... simple central nervous systems animals and even in animals with no central nervous system, such as jellyfish and other Cnidaria (Mackie, 1984). In these types of animals, the expression of rapid postural responses to startling stimuli often takes the form of an escape reflex to avoid predators. Whil ...
Main function of the kidneys.
... Renin is an enzyme which converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is formed in small quantities in the lungs, proximal tubule and other tissues, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and an incre ...
... Renin is an enzyme which converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) which is formed in small quantities in the lungs, proximal tubule and other tissues, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and an incre ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... ABSTRACT Electrical stimulation of nerve fibers emerging from different positions of the olfactory epithelium was used to determine the receptive fields for 52 olfactory bulb neurons in the hamster. The responses of olfactory bulb neurons were recorded extracellularly with metal-filled micropipettes ...
... ABSTRACT Electrical stimulation of nerve fibers emerging from different positions of the olfactory epithelium was used to determine the receptive fields for 52 olfactory bulb neurons in the hamster. The responses of olfactory bulb neurons were recorded extracellularly with metal-filled micropipettes ...
The Brain of the Planarian as the Ancestor of the Human Brain
... LE JOURNAL CANADIEN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOGIQUES multipolar nerve cells are the most common form of neuron in the vertebrate brain, and also are abundant in the planarian. Further examination of planarian neurons reveals that each cell has a single process specialized as an axon, providing for unidir ...
... LE JOURNAL CANADIEN DES SCIENCES NEUROLOGIQUES multipolar nerve cells are the most common form of neuron in the vertebrate brain, and also are abundant in the planarian. Further examination of planarian neurons reveals that each cell has a single process specialized as an axon, providing for unidir ...
Field effects in the CNS play functional roles
... is well established that field effects occur during pathological conditions, such as epilepsy, but less clear if they play a functional role in the healthy brain. Here, we describe the principles of field effect interactions, discuss identified field effects in diverse brain structures from the tele ...
... is well established that field effects occur during pathological conditions, such as epilepsy, but less clear if they play a functional role in the healthy brain. Here, we describe the principles of field effect interactions, discuss identified field effects in diverse brain structures from the tele ...
![Muscle Tissue [PPT]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000443183_1-a720c40d4c2e1d9711779691371cb160-300x300.png)
Muscle Tissue [PPT]
... • Adjacent smooth muscle cells are in contact with each other through gap junctions which help to transmit the electric impulses from one cell to another. • Spindle shaped cells • Centrally placed oval nucleus ...
... • Adjacent smooth muscle cells are in contact with each other through gap junctions which help to transmit the electric impulses from one cell to another. • Spindle shaped cells • Centrally placed oval nucleus ...
Review Historical aspects of the anatomy of the reticular formation
... in these nuclei. According to Bechterew, the most important rostral connections in the ascending fibres of the RF were with the inferior colliculi, with the areas adjacent to the third ventricle, and probably also with the thalamus. The RF was regarded as a structure which carried sensory stimuli fr ...
... in these nuclei. According to Bechterew, the most important rostral connections in the ascending fibres of the RF were with the inferior colliculi, with the areas adjacent to the third ventricle, and probably also with the thalamus. The RF was regarded as a structure which carried sensory stimuli fr ...
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment PERSPECTIVE
... pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1), cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and (iii) profilin proteins that regulate myelination and cell membrane traffic of glutamate receptors and synaptic vesicles. It is well known that myelin-associated inhibitors, chondroitin sulf ...
... pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1), cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and (iii) profilin proteins that regulate myelination and cell membrane traffic of glutamate receptors and synaptic vesicles. It is well known that myelin-associated inhibitors, chondroitin sulf ...
Polarization-sensitive and light-sensitive neurons in two parallel
... was moved into the light path. Stimuli were applied from the zenith and, for unpolarized light flashes, also from lateral to the right and left eye (0° elevation, in a few experiments 30° elevation, duration of unpolarized light stimuli 1.5-3 s). The angular extent of the stimulus at the locust’s ey ...
... was moved into the light path. Stimuli were applied from the zenith and, for unpolarized light flashes, also from lateral to the right and left eye (0° elevation, in a few experiments 30° elevation, duration of unpolarized light stimuli 1.5-3 s). The angular extent of the stimulus at the locust’s ey ...
Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... on the nature of the stimulus: pleasant, neutral or unpleasant stimuli Žthat obviously evoke completely different behaviors. are all effective in producing the same neuron response. The second hypothesis postulates that F4 visual responses are really visual and code space in visual terms. In other w ...
... on the nature of the stimulus: pleasant, neutral or unpleasant stimuli Žthat obviously evoke completely different behaviors. are all effective in producing the same neuron response. The second hypothesis postulates that F4 visual responses are really visual and code space in visual terms. In other w ...
Chapter 11
... D. sensory impulses from different areas often travel to the brain over the same pathway. ...
... D. sensory impulses from different areas often travel to the brain over the same pathway. ...
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLIED TO REAL ESTATE
... they are submitted to Trial and Error cycles. In order to understand this process, we will see how an artificial neuron works, in an attempt to imitate the workings of a brain neuron. The neuron receives data from other neurons. In ANNs, these data are numbers. Therefore, the neuron receives a numbe ...
... they are submitted to Trial and Error cycles. In order to understand this process, we will see how an artificial neuron works, in an attempt to imitate the workings of a brain neuron. The neuron receives data from other neurons. In ANNs, these data are numbers. Therefore, the neuron receives a numbe ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... discrimination sensitivity of MT neurons in the 2AFC task (see Appendix). For this, two distributions of spike counts were compared against each other, the distribution of counts from trials when the coherent motion was in the neuron’s preferred direction (distribution Y in Figure 2A) versus the dis ...
... discrimination sensitivity of MT neurons in the 2AFC task (see Appendix). For this, two distributions of spike counts were compared against each other, the distribution of counts from trials when the coherent motion was in the neuron’s preferred direction (distribution Y in Figure 2A) versus the dis ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... coding efficiency8, 9 . This is beneficial because strong correlations across a neuronal population can impair the ability to extract information from their response to sensory stimuli10, 11 . “Sparse coding” of responses to sensory stimuli is therefore a valuable goal for cortex: sparse coding serv ...
... coding efficiency8, 9 . This is beneficial because strong correlations across a neuronal population can impair the ability to extract information from their response to sensory stimuli10, 11 . “Sparse coding” of responses to sensory stimuli is therefore a valuable goal for cortex: sparse coding serv ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... the output neurons of the olfactory bulb that receive input from the olfactory receptor neurons. ...
... the output neurons of the olfactory bulb that receive input from the olfactory receptor neurons. ...
The Biological Perspective
... is that neurons make up only 10 percent of the cells in the brain. The other 90 percent of the brain is composed of glial cells that serve as a sort of structure on which the neurons develop and work and which hold the neurons in place. Glial (Greek for “glue”) cells are often considered the glue th ...
... is that neurons make up only 10 percent of the cells in the brain. The other 90 percent of the brain is composed of glial cells that serve as a sort of structure on which the neurons develop and work and which hold the neurons in place. Glial (Greek for “glue”) cells are often considered the glue th ...
Transient information flow in a network of excitatory and inhibitory
... D = 1 ms, h = 5 mV, ureset = 0 mV, xE = 1 mV and xI = 5 mV (see Table 1), but other combinations of parameters give qualitatively similar results. An extensive scanning of the parameter space has been carried out.2 This robustness originates from the fact that the phase diagram of the type of networ ...
... D = 1 ms, h = 5 mV, ureset = 0 mV, xE = 1 mV and xI = 5 mV (see Table 1), but other combinations of parameters give qualitatively similar results. An extensive scanning of the parameter space has been carried out.2 This robustness originates from the fact that the phase diagram of the type of networ ...
Energy balance
... • Adenosine builds up in the brain during wakefulness. – We have low levels just after sleeping. – We have high levels after being awake for a long time. ...
... • Adenosine builds up in the brain during wakefulness. – We have low levels just after sleeping. – We have high levels after being awake for a long time. ...
Developmental - Schizophrenia Research Forum
... object recognition memory were improved by clozapine but not haloperidol; deficits in Morris water maze were improve by clozapine ...
... object recognition memory were improved by clozapine but not haloperidol; deficits in Morris water maze were improve by clozapine ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.