Cholinergic Deafferentation of the Entorhinal Cortex in Rats
... plasticity. When stimuli are familiar, the animal may draw on the memory maintained in either region to make its decision in the DNMS task. In contrast, for novel stimuli, a synaptic representation in the PFC does not exist, and we propose that maintenance then depends exclusively on sustained spiki ...
... plasticity. When stimuli are familiar, the animal may draw on the memory maintained in either region to make its decision in the DNMS task. In contrast, for novel stimuli, a synaptic representation in the PFC does not exist, and we propose that maintenance then depends exclusively on sustained spiki ...
Before the Americans
... “Membranes require to be in a state of tension” (Two hundred years later William Sutherland was to define the Reciprocal Tension Mechanism.) “…just like any other fluid, and they thus communicate a trembling motion to the membranes, and also their bones; so that almost the whole body is brought into ...
... “Membranes require to be in a state of tension” (Two hundred years later William Sutherland was to define the Reciprocal Tension Mechanism.) “…just like any other fluid, and they thus communicate a trembling motion to the membranes, and also their bones; so that almost the whole body is brought into ...
PaCO2 and Ventilation - macomb
... [aka colloids] that don’t move out of the vascular space and cross the capillary wall exert an osmotic (oncotic) pressure within the vessel and draw fluid (and any associated soluble waste products) back into the capillary at the venous end. • 2 Osmotic pressures (capillary and interstitial) ...
... [aka colloids] that don’t move out of the vascular space and cross the capillary wall exert an osmotic (oncotic) pressure within the vessel and draw fluid (and any associated soluble waste products) back into the capillary at the venous end. • 2 Osmotic pressures (capillary and interstitial) ...
6-Cerebellum 2009
... Purkinje cells are the main output neurons of the cerebellar cortex & project to the deep nuclei of the cerebellum. They are inhibitory to the DCN . The deep cerebellar nuclei ( DCN ) project out to brainstem and thalamic targets via the superior cerebellar peduncles. They are excitatory , but in tu ...
... Purkinje cells are the main output neurons of the cerebellar cortex & project to the deep nuclei of the cerebellum. They are inhibitory to the DCN . The deep cerebellar nuclei ( DCN ) project out to brainstem and thalamic targets via the superior cerebellar peduncles. They are excitatory , but in tu ...
Ganglion Cells Specificity of Cone Inputs to Macaque Retinal
... National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the SUNY State College of Optometry Animal Care and Use Committee. The animals were initially sedated with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (10 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with sodium thiopen ...
... National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the SUNY State College of Optometry Animal Care and Use Committee. The animals were initially sedated with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (10 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with sodium thiopen ...
Target innervation and LGN/colliculus development
... Once axons extending from ganglion cells have found their way to the targets they must invade the target and find the proper location either in the LGN and superior colliculus (mammals), or optic tectum (non-mammals). The axons must maintain retinotopic mapping, and segregate into eye specific and ...
... Once axons extending from ganglion cells have found their way to the targets they must invade the target and find the proper location either in the LGN and superior colliculus (mammals), or optic tectum (non-mammals). The axons must maintain retinotopic mapping, and segregate into eye specific and ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... reprogram fibroblasts into spinal motor neurons. Motor neurons control the contraction of muscle fibers actuating movement. Damage to motor neurons caused by either injury or disease can result in paralysis or death; consequently, there is significant interest in understanding how motor neurons rege ...
... reprogram fibroblasts into spinal motor neurons. Motor neurons control the contraction of muscle fibers actuating movement. Damage to motor neurons caused by either injury or disease can result in paralysis or death; consequently, there is significant interest in understanding how motor neurons rege ...
A visual motion detection circuit suggested by Drosophila
... Also, assuming that synapses are equally difficult to proofread, we found that any strong connection (with .5 synaptic contacts) will be identified with .95% probability. Therefore, in the resulting connectome, 8,637 synaptic contacts are precisely identified, and all strong connections are represen ...
... Also, assuming that synapses are equally difficult to proofread, we found that any strong connection (with .5 synaptic contacts) will be identified with .95% probability. Therefore, in the resulting connectome, 8,637 synaptic contacts are precisely identified, and all strong connections are represen ...
Ramón y Cajal, 19 th century
... Neuronal activity changes the intracellular calcium. Via changes in intra-cellular calcium, neurons change their morphology with respect to their axonal and dendritic shape. This leads to changes in neuronal connectivity which, in turn, adapts neuronal activity. The goal is that by these changes neu ...
... Neuronal activity changes the intracellular calcium. Via changes in intra-cellular calcium, neurons change their morphology with respect to their axonal and dendritic shape. This leads to changes in neuronal connectivity which, in turn, adapts neuronal activity. The goal is that by these changes neu ...
A Counter Based Connectionist Model of Animal Timing - APT
... Recording the time spent on goal directed behaviour is paramount for applying ones energy optimally. One of the most widely reported temporal reproduction tasks is a modification of the ‘fixed interval schedule’ (FI) called the ‘peak interval’ (PI) (Roberts 1981). In this task a rat is presented wit ...
... Recording the time spent on goal directed behaviour is paramount for applying ones energy optimally. One of the most widely reported temporal reproduction tasks is a modification of the ‘fixed interval schedule’ (FI) called the ‘peak interval’ (PI) (Roberts 1981). In this task a rat is presented wit ...
brain derived neurotrophic factor transport and physiological
... (NT-4/5). More recently, members of numerous other families of proteins, such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, were also discovered and have the capability to regulate neuronal survival, development and other aspects of neuronal function (Ernfors et al. 1990, Hohn et al. 1990 ...
... (NT-4/5). More recently, members of numerous other families of proteins, such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, were also discovered and have the capability to regulate neuronal survival, development and other aspects of neuronal function (Ernfors et al. 1990, Hohn et al. 1990 ...
03 Auditory & Vestibular Systems
... sound to reach from ear to ear B. Interaural intensity difference: Sound at high frequency from one side of ear C. Duplex theory of sound localization: ...
... sound to reach from ear to ear B. Interaural intensity difference: Sound at high frequency from one side of ear C. Duplex theory of sound localization: ...
Perception
... Figure 4.15 The what and where pathways from the primary visual cortexTable of Contents ...
... Figure 4.15 The what and where pathways from the primary visual cortexTable of Contents ...
Phosholipase C-Related Inactive Protein Is Involved in Trafficking of
... The subunit composition of GABAA receptors is known to be associated with distinct physiological and pharmacological properties. Previous studies that used phospholipase C-related inactive protein type 1 knock-out (PRIP-1 KO) mice revealed that PRIP-1 is involved in the assembly and/or the trafficki ...
... The subunit composition of GABAA receptors is known to be associated with distinct physiological and pharmacological properties. Previous studies that used phospholipase C-related inactive protein type 1 knock-out (PRIP-1 KO) mice revealed that PRIP-1 is involved in the assembly and/or the trafficki ...
Cerebral Cortex and Corpus Callosum
... 1) The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex and is responsible for processing visual information. 2) The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex and is responsible for processing auditory information. 3) The parietal lobe contains the sensory cortex, which receives sensory in ...
... 1) The occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex and is responsible for processing visual information. 2) The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex and is responsible for processing auditory information. 3) The parietal lobe contains the sensory cortex, which receives sensory in ...
Biological Foundations of Behaviour
... to another. Early in the history of brain research, scientists thought that the tip of the axon made physical contact with the dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons, passing electricity directly from one neuron to the next. Others, such as famous Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Brit ...
... to another. Early in the history of brain research, scientists thought that the tip of the axon made physical contact with the dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons, passing electricity directly from one neuron to the next. Others, such as famous Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Brit ...
What is the role of muscle receptors in proprioception?
... work in practice, given the variable relationship between motor output and reafferent signal. One fusimotor impulse may lead to the production of one afferent impulse, or a burst of impulses, or, at times, no activity at all. It is necessary to postulate such a subtraction process since, as we all k ...
... work in practice, given the variable relationship between motor output and reafferent signal. One fusimotor impulse may lead to the production of one afferent impulse, or a burst of impulses, or, at times, no activity at all. It is necessary to postulate such a subtraction process since, as we all k ...
Hemodialysis Study Guide
... Eating food causes an increase in splanchnic venous capacity. The “food effect” on blood pressure lasts at least 2 hours. Avoid food before or during dialysis for patients who are prone to hypotension. During any hypotensive stress, the body releases adenosine. Adenosine blocks the release of norepi ...
... Eating food causes an increase in splanchnic venous capacity. The “food effect” on blood pressure lasts at least 2 hours. Avoid food before or during dialysis for patients who are prone to hypotension. During any hypotensive stress, the body releases adenosine. Adenosine blocks the release of norepi ...
Long-Term Depression in Identified Stellate Neurons of Juvenile Rat
... electrophysiological properties. Stellate neurons are located in layer II or the border of layer II and III, and they have larger and polygonal soma with variable number of main dendrites radiating out from the cell body but are devoid of a clearly dominant dendrite (van der Linden and Lopes da Silv ...
... electrophysiological properties. Stellate neurons are located in layer II or the border of layer II and III, and they have larger and polygonal soma with variable number of main dendrites radiating out from the cell body but are devoid of a clearly dominant dendrite (van der Linden and Lopes da Silv ...
Adaptive Behavior - Server users.dimi.uniud.it
... Department of Information Technology, University of Zurich To date, various methods using the concept of neural circuit or so-called central pattern generators (CPGs) have been proposed to create agile locomotion for legged robots. In contrast to these approaches, in this article we propose a polymo ...
... Department of Information Technology, University of Zurich To date, various methods using the concept of neural circuit or so-called central pattern generators (CPGs) have been proposed to create agile locomotion for legged robots. In contrast to these approaches, in this article we propose a polymo ...
Cranial nerves (L15)
... ***internal carotid also passes through the cavernous sinus -foramen ovale mandibular branch of CN V (CN V3) -foramen spinoum middle meningeal a (all above through middle cranial fossa) *supplies most of blood to dura mater -internal acoustic (auditory) meatus CN VII, CN VIII, labyrinthine a. ...
... ***internal carotid also passes through the cavernous sinus -foramen ovale mandibular branch of CN V (CN V3) -foramen spinoum middle meningeal a (all above through middle cranial fossa) *supplies most of blood to dura mater -internal acoustic (auditory) meatus CN VII, CN VIII, labyrinthine a. ...
NEURO PresentationWORKING students B
... mostly from muscles spindle but also from Golgi tendon organs, tactile, and joint receptors • apprises the brain of the momentary status of muscle contraction, muscle tension and limb position and forces acting on the body surface – ventral spinocerebellar tract - signals from anterior horn, and int ...
... mostly from muscles spindle but also from Golgi tendon organs, tactile, and joint receptors • apprises the brain of the momentary status of muscle contraction, muscle tension and limb position and forces acting on the body surface – ventral spinocerebellar tract - signals from anterior horn, and int ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.