New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... Woodson et al. 2000). However, the posterior thalamic nucleus (PO), located just medial to the PIN, also projects to the CEm and accessory basal (AB) nuclei (LeDoux et al. 1987; Linke et al. 2000; Turner and Herkenham 1991), raising the possibility that CEm receives auditory input from the thalamus ...
... Woodson et al. 2000). However, the posterior thalamic nucleus (PO), located just medial to the PIN, also projects to the CEm and accessory basal (AB) nuclei (LeDoux et al. 1987; Linke et al. 2000; Turner and Herkenham 1991), raising the possibility that CEm receives auditory input from the thalamus ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
Neural representation of object orientation: A dissociation between
... the timepoint with the highest average (numerical peak) across participants against all neighboring time points via two-tailed paired t-tests. For all ROIs, timepoint 5 (8 s after stimulus onset) was significantly higher than all other timepoints (all p's b .01). All subsequent analyses are based on ...
... the timepoint with the highest average (numerical peak) across participants against all neighboring time points via two-tailed paired t-tests. For all ROIs, timepoint 5 (8 s after stimulus onset) was significantly higher than all other timepoints (all p's b .01). All subsequent analyses are based on ...
The neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig
... measure from 20 to 35 mm. These neurons have one or two dendritic trunks which arise from one pole of the cell body. The primary dendrites divide dichotomically next to the soma into secondary dendrites, which in term after a short distance bifurcate, making the dendrites form tufts. The tufted appe ...
... measure from 20 to 35 mm. These neurons have one or two dendritic trunks which arise from one pole of the cell body. The primary dendrites divide dichotomically next to the soma into secondary dendrites, which in term after a short distance bifurcate, making the dendrites form tufts. The tufted appe ...
RHYTHM GENERATION IN SPINAL CULTURES: IS IT THE
... al., 1998; Grillner, 2003). Here we will mention just two of the new findings revealed in this model. First, it was shown that the CPG networks are composed of excitatory interneurons, which use glutamate as neurotransmitter and project to the ipsilateral side and inhibitory interneurons, which use ...
... al., 1998; Grillner, 2003). Here we will mention just two of the new findings revealed in this model. First, it was shown that the CPG networks are composed of excitatory interneurons, which use glutamate as neurotransmitter and project to the ipsilateral side and inhibitory interneurons, which use ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... The advent of the fixating monkey was used to great promise in studying vision, action and decision-making among other topics. However, as there was little interest left in microsaccades, there were virtually no studies on the neural mechanisms associated with microsaccade generation or their influenc ...
... The advent of the fixating monkey was used to great promise in studying vision, action and decision-making among other topics. However, as there was little interest left in microsaccades, there were virtually no studies on the neural mechanisms associated with microsaccade generation or their influenc ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... these differences in thalamic inputs. In contrast to the small, finely tuned receptive fields of areas 17 and 18, area PMLS receptive fields are relatively large and unselective for stimulus orientation, and most respond poorly to stationary stimuli (Spear and Baumann, 1975; Camarda and Rizzolatti, ...
... these differences in thalamic inputs. In contrast to the small, finely tuned receptive fields of areas 17 and 18, area PMLS receptive fields are relatively large and unselective for stimulus orientation, and most respond poorly to stationary stimuli (Spear and Baumann, 1975; Camarda and Rizzolatti, ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... neurons tend to form long isolated axonal paths, often connecting cluscluster was bouton free. Subsets of boutons arranged in long oneters to the soma (see Fig. 1 A2). Inhibitory neurons (in particular, basket dimensional strings (typically connecting the cell body with a patch) (see cells) can also ...
... neurons tend to form long isolated axonal paths, often connecting cluscluster was bouton free. Subsets of boutons arranged in long oneters to the soma (see Fig. 1 A2). Inhibitory neurons (in particular, basket dimensional strings (typically connecting the cell body with a patch) (see cells) can also ...
hanPNAS11
... reads) than in Tbr1+/+ (red, 496 reads; adjusted P value = 1.49E-9). (B) N2a cells were transfected with V5-TBR1, and chromatin was immunoprecipated using an anti-V5 antibody. ChIP-Seq revealed enrichment of mapped reads (blue) compared with input DNA in a region 4.5 kb downstream of the Fezf2 TSS. ...
... reads) than in Tbr1+/+ (red, 496 reads; adjusted P value = 1.49E-9). (B) N2a cells were transfected with V5-TBR1, and chromatin was immunoprecipated using an anti-V5 antibody. ChIP-Seq revealed enrichment of mapped reads (blue) compared with input DNA in a region 4.5 kb downstream of the Fezf2 TSS. ...
Approximating Number of Hidden layer neurons in Multiple
... likely that the number of input neurons will match the number of output neurons. In this sort of neural network, the patterns to leave the neural network in the same format as they entered [4]. C. Hidden Layer: The hidden layer is the collection of neurons which has activation function applied on it ...
... likely that the number of input neurons will match the number of output neurons. In this sort of neural network, the patterns to leave the neural network in the same format as they entered [4]. C. Hidden Layer: The hidden layer is the collection of neurons which has activation function applied on it ...
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... pointing to an overlap between these two theories, the dissociation is sustained by conflicting physiological data. This thesis proposes that the functional role of the hippocampus should be analyzed in terms of its structure and function rather than by the correlation of neuronal activity and behav ...
... pointing to an overlap between these two theories, the dissociation is sustained by conflicting physiological data. This thesis proposes that the functional role of the hippocampus should be analyzed in terms of its structure and function rather than by the correlation of neuronal activity and behav ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... of as the average firing rate of the neuron, above or below the mean, following the bright phase of the stimulus. The shape of the impulse response is similar for all neurons in the LGN. First, there is a flat portion, which corresponds to the response latency, followed by a sharp peak (positive for ...
... of as the average firing rate of the neuron, above or below the mean, following the bright phase of the stimulus. The shape of the impulse response is similar for all neurons in the LGN. First, there is a flat portion, which corresponds to the response latency, followed by a sharp peak (positive for ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... expressed cadherin-11, whereas three nuclei expressed cadherin-6b and two nuclei expressed cadherin-8 and/or cadherin-13. cadherin-22 was expressed in only the ventral facial nucleus, and cadherin-20 was expressed in only the dorsal facial nucleus. Overall, each nucleus was defined by a unique combi ...
... expressed cadherin-11, whereas three nuclei expressed cadherin-6b and two nuclei expressed cadherin-8 and/or cadherin-13. cadherin-22 was expressed in only the ventral facial nucleus, and cadherin-20 was expressed in only the dorsal facial nucleus. Overall, each nucleus was defined by a unique combi ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... excitation-release coupling with a high fidelity (159) is also the subject of activity-dependent regulation that may lead to spike broadening (209). Generally, axons from the CNS are highly ramified and contact several hundreds of target neurons locally or distally. But, the function of the axon is ...
... excitation-release coupling with a high fidelity (159) is also the subject of activity-dependent regulation that may lead to spike broadening (209). Generally, axons from the CNS are highly ramified and contact several hundreds of target neurons locally or distally. But, the function of the axon is ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... Maren, 2001; Walker and Davis, 2002), in which rats learn to freeze to a tone [conditioned stimulus (CS)] that predicts a footshock [unconditioned stimulus (US)]. Cortical and thalamic afferents communicate tone and shock information to the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), in which tone–sh ...
... Maren, 2001; Walker and Davis, 2002), in which rats learn to freeze to a tone [conditioned stimulus (CS)] that predicts a footshock [unconditioned stimulus (US)]. Cortical and thalamic afferents communicate tone and shock information to the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), in which tone–sh ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
Whole-Brain Serial-Section Electron Microscopy In Larval Zebrafish
... reconstructions as an open-access resource for neurobiologists and others interested in the ultrastructure of the larval zebrafish. Pioneering studies in invertebrates established that synaptic-resolution wiring diagrams of complete neuronal circuits are valuable tools for relating a nervous system’ ...
... reconstructions as an open-access resource for neurobiologists and others interested in the ultrastructure of the larval zebrafish. Pioneering studies in invertebrates established that synaptic-resolution wiring diagrams of complete neuronal circuits are valuable tools for relating a nervous system’ ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
Form representation in monkey inferotemporal cortex is virtually
... likely to underlie recognition. We applied a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to the response rates of each of the 204 neurons, using target identity (4 levels) and viewing condition (2 levels) as factors. Sixty-nine neurons (34% in each monkey) showed a main effect of target identity (were ‘tar ...
... likely to underlie recognition. We applied a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to the response rates of each of the 204 neurons, using target identity (4 levels) and viewing condition (2 levels) as factors. Sixty-nine neurons (34% in each monkey) showed a main effect of target identity (were ‘tar ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... NMJ led to the weakening and subsequently withdrawal of the axons whose synaptic contacts were blocked (Balice-Gordon and Lichtman, 1994). Recent experiments using genetically engineered mice in which only a small subset of motor neurons are fluorescently labeled allowed researches to perform in-viv ...
... NMJ led to the weakening and subsequently withdrawal of the axons whose synaptic contacts were blocked (Balice-Gordon and Lichtman, 1994). Recent experiments using genetically engineered mice in which only a small subset of motor neurons are fluorescently labeled allowed researches to perform in-viv ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... investigated systematically using subtype-selective antibodies. These immunocytochemical studies have reinforced some of the conclusions obtained through autoradiography, namely that transporters for a particular neurotransmitter are present in the plasma membranes of the neurons that synthesize and ...
... investigated systematically using subtype-selective antibodies. These immunocytochemical studies have reinforced some of the conclusions obtained through autoradiography, namely that transporters for a particular neurotransmitter are present in the plasma membranes of the neurons that synthesize and ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... central nervous system (CNS), for instance cortical and hippocampal neurons. They possess several dendrites and one long axon projecting from the soma. In contrast, bipolar neurons (fig. 1B), which are sensory neurons (for instance retinal bipolar cells), have two processes arising from the cell bod ...
... central nervous system (CNS), for instance cortical and hippocampal neurons. They possess several dendrites and one long axon projecting from the soma. In contrast, bipolar neurons (fig. 1B), which are sensory neurons (for instance retinal bipolar cells), have two processes arising from the cell bod ...
Glia Engulf Degenerating Axons during Developmental Axon Pruning
... axon pruning [1–7]. In the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MB), ␥ neurons initially extend axon branches into both the dorsal and medial MB axon lobes in larvae. Through a well-orchestrated set of developmental events during metamorphosis, axon branches to both lobes degenerate prior to the formation of ...
... axon pruning [1–7]. In the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MB), ␥ neurons initially extend axon branches into both the dorsal and medial MB axon lobes in larvae. Through a well-orchestrated set of developmental events during metamorphosis, axon branches to both lobes degenerate prior to the formation of ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... the IOC for entering the nose poke (only clean air was presented during single-unit activity, waveforms were clustered automatically using the these sessions). During experimental sessions, odor stimuli were delivvalley-seeking algorithm in Plexon Offline Sorter (Koontz and Fukuered for a duration o ...
... the IOC for entering the nose poke (only clean air was presented during single-unit activity, waveforms were clustered automatically using the these sessions). During experimental sessions, odor stimuli were delivvalley-seeking algorithm in Plexon Offline Sorter (Koontz and Fukuered for a duration o ...