1) Discuss if NOCICEPTORS are real. 2) Describe the distribution of
... include a pore forming region and allow ions to flow, directly affecting the membrane potential. Some of these receptors bind classical neurotransmitters (e.g. glutamate, GABA). Others respond to exogenous compounds. ...
... include a pore forming region and allow ions to flow, directly affecting the membrane potential. Some of these receptors bind classical neurotransmitters (e.g. glutamate, GABA). Others respond to exogenous compounds. ...
On the Significance of Neuronal Giantism in Gastropods
... 4. a fairly high degree of centralization and 5. excitable neuron cell bodies. ...
... 4. a fairly high degree of centralization and 5. excitable neuron cell bodies. ...
Combinatorial Marking of Cells and Organelles with Split
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
... HSN fluorescence was weak and rarely seen when split GFP was generated from these promoters ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... confined to one of the cortical layers. The initiation sites were distributed randomly in various cortical areas, and no higher probability was found in a special cortical region. Electrical stimulation delivered via a glass microelectrode filled with 2 M NaCl (2–5 MV) could reliably trigger epilept ...
... confined to one of the cortical layers. The initiation sites were distributed randomly in various cortical areas, and no higher probability was found in a special cortical region. Electrical stimulation delivered via a glass microelectrode filled with 2 M NaCl (2–5 MV) could reliably trigger epilept ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... as events (Fig. 1B). Three different thresholds were used: 1) 23 standard deviation (SD) of the noise, 2) 23 SD of the same recording that was going to be analyzed, therefore including the activity and the noise, and 3) a threshold chosen by eye at approximately 23 background noise levels. No signifi ...
... as events (Fig. 1B). Three different thresholds were used: 1) 23 standard deviation (SD) of the noise, 2) 23 SD of the same recording that was going to be analyzed, therefore including the activity and the noise, and 3) a threshold chosen by eye at approximately 23 background noise levels. No signifi ...
Dendritic Signal Integration
... as well as organelles that influence the function of dendrites. Antibodies against ion channels, receptors, and other proteins can provide important information about the molecular composition and organization of dendrites. Immunolocalization of these molecules can be visualized at the light level, ...
... as well as organelles that influence the function of dendrites. Antibodies against ion channels, receptors, and other proteins can provide important information about the molecular composition and organization of dendrites. Immunolocalization of these molecules can be visualized at the light level, ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... types, including cardiac pacemaker cells (DiFrancesco et al., 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of t ...
... types, including cardiac pacemaker cells (DiFrancesco et al., 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of t ...
Autonomic nervous system
... The sensory arm is made of “primary visceral sensory neurons” found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), in “cranial sensory ganglia”: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia, appended respectively to cranial nerves VII, IX and X. These sensory neurons monitor the levels of carbon dioxide, ox ...
... The sensory arm is made of “primary visceral sensory neurons” found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), in “cranial sensory ganglia”: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia, appended respectively to cranial nerves VII, IX and X. These sensory neurons monitor the levels of carbon dioxide, ox ...
Wild-Type Nonneuronal Cells Extend Survival of SOD1 Mutant
... express mutant SOD1 develop a progressive motor neuron disease that shares many features with human ALS; the complete absence of SOD1 in mice does not cause such disease (7). Because toxicity is neither accelerated nor ameliorated by reducing wild-type SOD1 activity (8) and is either unaffected (8) ...
... express mutant SOD1 develop a progressive motor neuron disease that shares many features with human ALS; the complete absence of SOD1 in mice does not cause such disease (7). Because toxicity is neither accelerated nor ameliorated by reducing wild-type SOD1 activity (8) and is either unaffected (8) ...
Differential roles of delay-period neural activity in the monkey
... sensory-coupled cue cell, the discharge of which tends to diminish during the delay period of WM tasks. The other is the preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two comp ...
... sensory-coupled cue cell, the discharge of which tends to diminish during the delay period of WM tasks. The other is the preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two comp ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... tegration of active dendrites and dynamic synapses into a model of a spiking neuron adds a functionality for temporal integration, which could be particularly powerful in detecting the temporal structure of incoming action potentials. Such functionality is required in many perceptual and higher lev ...
... tegration of active dendrites and dynamic synapses into a model of a spiking neuron adds a functionality for temporal integration, which could be particularly powerful in detecting the temporal structure of incoming action potentials. Such functionality is required in many perceptual and higher lev ...
Polarization-sensitive and light-sensitive neurons in two parallel
... signals, we have recorded the responses of interneurons of the optic tubercle of the locust to visual stimuli including polarized light. All neurons of the lower unit but only one out of five recorded neurons of the upper unit of the tubercle were sensitive to linearly polarized light presented in t ...
... signals, we have recorded the responses of interneurons of the optic tubercle of the locust to visual stimuli including polarized light. All neurons of the lower unit but only one out of five recorded neurons of the upper unit of the tubercle were sensitive to linearly polarized light presented in t ...
Transient information flow in a network of excitatory and inhibitory
... 25 Hz and NE = 100, the network is in a regime of asynchronous and irregular firing (see Fig. 3B centre), based on the phase diagram described in [5]. In such a regime, there is a stationary overall activity and highly irregular spike firing of individual cells. Specifically, we take srp = 2 ms, D = 1 ...
... 25 Hz and NE = 100, the network is in a regime of asynchronous and irregular firing (see Fig. 3B centre), based on the phase diagram described in [5]. In such a regime, there is a stationary overall activity and highly irregular spike firing of individual cells. Specifically, we take srp = 2 ms, D = 1 ...
INTRAANALYZER CONDITIONED REFLEX PROPERTIES OF TWO
... CIH i n neuronal pairs without taking into account the class of the cells analyzed. As stated before, in some of the multineuronal records it was possible to identify three types of neurons according to the amplitude of spikes. The extent to which the defined classes of neurons participate in the in ...
... CIH i n neuronal pairs without taking into account the class of the cells analyzed. As stated before, in some of the multineuronal records it was possible to identify three types of neurons according to the amplitude of spikes. The extent to which the defined classes of neurons participate in the in ...
INTERNEURONS OF THE NEOCORTICAL INHIBITORY SYSTEM
... small, ‘button-type’ cells with many fine, radiating dendrites that are short, aspiny, finely beaded and rarely branched3,39,64. They form a highly symmetrical and spherical dendritic field. The axon can arise from any part of the soma or from the base of a dendrite, and shortly after its origin, it ...
... small, ‘button-type’ cells with many fine, radiating dendrites that are short, aspiny, finely beaded and rarely branched3,39,64. They form a highly symmetrical and spherical dendritic field. The axon can arise from any part of the soma or from the base of a dendrite, and shortly after its origin, it ...
Ultrastructure and Function of Cephalopod Chromatophores
... This could no longer be explained by nervous coordination. How then does the excitation arise and how can excitation spread from fiber to fiber, when nerveactivated muscle fibers do not influence their neighbors? The surprise solution of the paradox came through electrophysiological studies (Kriebel ...
... This could no longer be explained by nervous coordination. How then does the excitation arise and how can excitation spread from fiber to fiber, when nerveactivated muscle fibers do not influence their neighbors? The surprise solution of the paradox came through electrophysiological studies (Kriebel ...
Hypocretinergic Neurons are Primarily involved in Activation
... Representative motor activity of cats during AW-with M is shown by the horizontal bar A1 in Figure 1A. In the QS group of animals, QS consumed on average 90% of the animals’ behavioral state in the hour prior to euthanasia. Figure 1B presents an example of delta, sigma, and gamma EEG frequency bands ...
... Representative motor activity of cats during AW-with M is shown by the horizontal bar A1 in Figure 1A. In the QS group of animals, QS consumed on average 90% of the animals’ behavioral state in the hour prior to euthanasia. Figure 1B presents an example of delta, sigma, and gamma EEG frequency bands ...
Some insights into computational models of (patho)physiological
... receptors and glutamate receptors, with special emphasis on gating mechanisms. This computational approach allows to bridge several time scales, from sub-nanoseconds protein motions to milliseconds time scale motions involved in channel gating. Understanding the functions of membrane proteins is als ...
... receptors and glutamate receptors, with special emphasis on gating mechanisms. This computational approach allows to bridge several time scales, from sub-nanoseconds protein motions to milliseconds time scale motions involved in channel gating. Understanding the functions of membrane proteins is als ...
Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function
... minimize the wiring cost. The evolutionary ‘‘cost’’ can be attributed to factors such as wire volume (12–14) and signal delay and attenuation (15–17), as well as metabolic expenditures associated with signal propagation and maintenance (18, 19). Although the exact origin of the wiring cost is not kn ...
... minimize the wiring cost. The evolutionary ‘‘cost’’ can be attributed to factors such as wire volume (12–14) and signal delay and attenuation (15–17), as well as metabolic expenditures associated with signal propagation and maintenance (18, 19). Although the exact origin of the wiring cost is not kn ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... Damage to motor neurons caused by either injury or disease can result in paralysis or death; consequently, there is significant interest in understanding how motor neurons regenerate after nerve injury and why they are selective targets of degeneration in diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SM ...
... Damage to motor neurons caused by either injury or disease can result in paralysis or death; consequently, there is significant interest in understanding how motor neurons regenerate after nerve injury and why they are selective targets of degeneration in diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SM ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
... (figure 8.6). Each oligodendrocyte process or Schwann cell repeatedly wraps around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped cell membranes. A typical small nerve, which consists of axons of multiple neurons, usually contains more unmyelinated than myelinated axons. Myelin is an excel ...
Art.-Schoenbaum (R) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... activity during the delay, however, revealed that relatively few of these cells (24% or 18 of 74 in OFC and 25% or 11 of 44 in ABL) had similar selectivity during odor sampling (see Fig. 2 for the interval of analysis). Thus several subsets of cells encode information in the task, but the majority o ...
... activity during the delay, however, revealed that relatively few of these cells (24% or 18 of 74 in OFC and 25% or 11 of 44 in ABL) had similar selectivity during odor sampling (see Fig. 2 for the interval of analysis). Thus several subsets of cells encode information in the task, but the majority o ...
MARMORATAl - Journal of Neuroscience
... antigens are first expressed and the order in which they are expressed by different cells or tissues. Three of the mAbs produced by Zipser and McKay (Zipser, B., and R. McKay (1981) Nature 289: 549-554) were screened: Lan3-1, Lan3-5, and Lan3-6. Each mAb shows a different pattern of labeling in the ...
... antigens are first expressed and the order in which they are expressed by different cells or tissues. Three of the mAbs produced by Zipser and McKay (Zipser, B., and R. McKay (1981) Nature 289: 549-554) were screened: Lan3-1, Lan3-5, and Lan3-6. Each mAb shows a different pattern of labeling in the ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.