Goal-Directed Navigation based on Path Integration and Decoding
... do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances and angles (Spiers and Barry, 2015). The place cell representation by itself is thus not sufficient to be able to navigate between arbitrary locations, because it does not offer any means to calculate the direction of travel from one ...
... do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances and angles (Spiers and Barry, 2015). The place cell representation by itself is thus not sufficient to be able to navigate between arbitrary locations, because it does not offer any means to calculate the direction of travel from one ...
Human Biology I - Control and Development
... Thicker axons have lower resistance. Myelinated axons have lower resistance. In myelinated axons, the ability of the action potential to jump from one gap in the myelin sheath to the next makes it faster still. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley ...
... Thicker axons have lower resistance. Myelinated axons have lower resistance. In myelinated axons, the ability of the action potential to jump from one gap in the myelin sheath to the next makes it faster still. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley ...
Astrocyteneuron interaction in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
... cord (Fig. 1Aa). After being filled with LY, fluorescence microscopy showed that neurons had round and sharply edged contours (Fig. 1Ab, upper panel), whereas astrocytes possessed many bushy processes (Fig. 1Ab, lower panel). As both cell types were of similar shape and size (diameter, 7 mm), under ...
... cord (Fig. 1Aa). After being filled with LY, fluorescence microscopy showed that neurons had round and sharply edged contours (Fig. 1Ab, upper panel), whereas astrocytes possessed many bushy processes (Fig. 1Ab, lower panel). As both cell types were of similar shape and size (diameter, 7 mm), under ...
central effects of centripetal impulses in axons of spinal ventral roots
... in axons of ventral roots. Recordings made with micro-electrodes have now revealed relatively prolonged bursts of action potentials, which are believed to originate in interneurons of the ventral horn. Although has not been exthis activity haustively investigated, information concerning it is presen ...
... in axons of ventral roots. Recordings made with micro-electrodes have now revealed relatively prolonged bursts of action potentials, which are believed to originate in interneurons of the ventral horn. Although has not been exthis activity haustively investigated, information concerning it is presen ...
Cuneiform Neurons Activated during
... data from AS-carbachol cats with those from animals in quiet wakef ulness. In the present report, we examined, as before, two control cats in which the same procedures were followed, except that 0.1 l of saline was injected instead of carbachol. Four additional control animals, which were awake, we ...
... data from AS-carbachol cats with those from animals in quiet wakef ulness. In the present report, we examined, as before, two control cats in which the same procedures were followed, except that 0.1 l of saline was injected instead of carbachol. Four additional control animals, which were awake, we ...
Saccade-induced activity of dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus X
... Extracellular recordings were performed under the following stimulus conditions. (1) While the cats executed spontaneous saccades in front of the stationary random-square pattern and in complete darkness. (2) During stimulation with the pattern moving in a saccade-like fashion which mimicked a retin ...
... Extracellular recordings were performed under the following stimulus conditions. (1) While the cats executed spontaneous saccades in front of the stationary random-square pattern and in complete darkness. (2) During stimulation with the pattern moving in a saccade-like fashion which mimicked a retin ...
19. Senses General and Special
... that open to the outside of the body, such as the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal. Interoceptors (in t́ er-ō-sep t́ er; inter = between), also called visceroceptors, detect stimuli in internal organs (viscera). These receptors are primarily stretch receptors in the smooth muscle o ...
... that open to the outside of the body, such as the nasal cavity, oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal. Interoceptors (in t́ er-ō-sep t́ er; inter = between), also called visceroceptors, detect stimuli in internal organs (viscera). These receptors are primarily stretch receptors in the smooth muscle o ...
The Hexose-Proton Cotransport System of Chlorella pH
... Affinity of the Sugar Transport to Protons ...
... Affinity of the Sugar Transport to Protons ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... The processing of sensory events by the brain requires the encoding of information in an internal state. This internal state can be represented by the brain using a spatial code, a temporal code, or a combination of both. For further processing, however, this encoded information requires decoding at ...
... The processing of sensory events by the brain requires the encoding of information in an internal state. This internal state can be represented by the brain using a spatial code, a temporal code, or a combination of both. For further processing, however, this encoded information requires decoding at ...
synaptic connections of morphologically identified and
... iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase. The three selected neurons were identified as large basket cells on the basis that (i) the horizontal extent of their axo nal arborization was three times or more than the extent of the dendritic arbori zation; (ii) some of thei r va ricose terminal segments ...
... iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase. The three selected neurons were identified as large basket cells on the basis that (i) the horizontal extent of their axo nal arborization was three times or more than the extent of the dendritic arbori zation; (ii) some of thei r va ricose terminal segments ...
Hormone Actions
... membrane Change the structure of receptor Open or close ionic channels Movement of ions Subsequent effect on post synaptic cell ...
... membrane Change the structure of receptor Open or close ionic channels Movement of ions Subsequent effect on post synaptic cell ...
fluctuations in somatosensory responsiveness and baseline firing
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... Triangular neurons (Fig. 3). Their cell bodies measure from 20 to 35 µm. They have 3 primary dendrites which arise conically from a perikaryon. Most of them bifurcate for the first time near the cell body, and the second time at a different distance from a perikaryon. In our material we also observe ...
... Triangular neurons (Fig. 3). Their cell bodies measure from 20 to 35 µm. They have 3 primary dendrites which arise conically from a perikaryon. Most of them bifurcate for the first time near the cell body, and the second time at a different distance from a perikaryon. In our material we also observe ...
1 Spiking Neurons
... [Kandel and Schwartz, 1991]. The stronger the touch stimulus, the more spikes occur during a stimulation period of 500 ms. These classical results show that the experimenter as an external observer can evaluate and classify neuronal firing by a spike count measure – but is this really the code used ...
... [Kandel and Schwartz, 1991]. The stronger the touch stimulus, the more spikes occur during a stimulation period of 500 ms. These classical results show that the experimenter as an external observer can evaluate and classify neuronal firing by a spike count measure – but is this really the code used ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... the axon that exits from compartment B. (c) The rules for stereotypical inputs shown in (a) and (b) can be generalized for any input (for example, random, noisy input similar to that seen during in vivo recordings). Here the slope of the curve – or the output as a function of the input to compartmen ...
... the axon that exits from compartment B. (c) The rules for stereotypical inputs shown in (a) and (b) can be generalized for any input (for example, random, noisy input similar to that seen during in vivo recordings). Here the slope of the curve – or the output as a function of the input to compartmen ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... One of the most important and interesting questions about brain function is learning, more precisely, what is learned in a certain situation, which brain regions are involved in a certain aspect of learning and how neuronal networks function during learning. The dissertation is about motivated, food ...
... One of the most important and interesting questions about brain function is learning, more precisely, what is learned in a certain situation, which brain regions are involved in a certain aspect of learning and how neuronal networks function during learning. The dissertation is about motivated, food ...
Neurophysiology of sleep-wake states in relation to consciousness
... potentials (EPSPs), which easily pass the low-level threshold of geniculate neurons firing in the tonic or relay mode. Obviously, this can be regarded as the underlying process of the high transfer ratio. All EPSPs generate outgoing action potentials and the transmission occurs in a way of ‘one inp ...
... potentials (EPSPs), which easily pass the low-level threshold of geniculate neurons firing in the tonic or relay mode. Obviously, this can be regarded as the underlying process of the high transfer ratio. All EPSPs generate outgoing action potentials and the transmission occurs in a way of ‘one inp ...
Anterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
... the subsequent trial, as predicted by the conflict hypothesis. Finally, we examined a closely related set of predictions of the conflict hypothesis, that ACC error-related activity should also be followed by an increase in PFC activity and corresponding adjustments in performance (18, 19). According ...
... the subsequent trial, as predicted by the conflict hypothesis. Finally, we examined a closely related set of predictions of the conflict hypothesis, that ACC error-related activity should also be followed by an increase in PFC activity and corresponding adjustments in performance (18, 19). According ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
... extremely phasic or episodic bursty pattern of activity with a low mean firing rate. The up and down states are known to result from synchronous phasic inputs from large numbers of cortical and/or thalamic neurons that interact with a a strong, fast inward rectifier and an outward rectifier (Gerfen ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... The epi-illuminator port was equipped with a 2-way mirror housing so that it was possible to switch between the laser and a mercury arc, allowing us to aim the laser at particular fluorescently labeled cells. The experimental procedure was similar to that used for photoablation, except that only RDA ...
... The epi-illuminator port was equipped with a 2-way mirror housing so that it was possible to switch between the laser and a mercury arc, allowing us to aim the laser at particular fluorescently labeled cells. The experimental procedure was similar to that used for photoablation, except that only RDA ...
The Role of NMDA and Non-NMDA Excitatory Amino Acid
... shown that at this perfusion rate for 1 hr, the concentration of AP7 in a small chamber containing approximately 100 ~1 of ACSF surrounding the dialysis fiber was 13% of that being perfused. We presume that the delivery efficiency for CNQX was roughly equal to that for AP7. Hence, allowing for the b ...
... shown that at this perfusion rate for 1 hr, the concentration of AP7 in a small chamber containing approximately 100 ~1 of ACSF surrounding the dialysis fiber was 13% of that being perfused. We presume that the delivery efficiency for CNQX was roughly equal to that for AP7. Hence, allowing for the b ...
Purves chs. 12, 13 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... The waveform of a sound stimulus is its amplitude plotted against time. It helps to begin by visualizing an acoustical waveform as a sine wave. At the same time, it must be kept in mind that sounds composed of single sine waves (i.e., pure tones) are extremely rare in nature; most sounds in speech, ...
... The waveform of a sound stimulus is its amplitude plotted against time. It helps to begin by visualizing an acoustical waveform as a sine wave. At the same time, it must be kept in mind that sounds composed of single sine waves (i.e., pure tones) are extremely rare in nature; most sounds in speech, ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT neurons were found throughout L2– 6, whereas PT ne ...
... (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT neurons were found throughout L2– 6, whereas PT ne ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.