the fossil record of predator-prey arms races
... structure) on their right claw that is used to peel the lip of gastropod shells (Shoup, 1968; Vermeij, 1982a), and to break the shell of some mussel prey (Hughes and Elner, 1989). The adventitious structure of the claw, which has a high mechanical advantage, may serve to compensate for the otherwise ...
... structure) on their right claw that is used to peel the lip of gastropod shells (Shoup, 1968; Vermeij, 1982a), and to break the shell of some mussel prey (Hughes and Elner, 1989). The adventitious structure of the claw, which has a high mechanical advantage, may serve to compensate for the otherwise ...
Coral Reefs
... • Corals can obtain food in a variety of ways. Reef-building corals rely on the photosynthetic products of zooxanthellae for the majority of their nutrients. However, corals also capture zooplankton for food. Corals are suspension feeders. They utilize two main methods of prey capture: nematocyst ad ...
... • Corals can obtain food in a variety of ways. Reef-building corals rely on the photosynthetic products of zooxanthellae for the majority of their nutrients. However, corals also capture zooplankton for food. Corals are suspension feeders. They utilize two main methods of prey capture: nematocyst ad ...
OPPORTUNISTIC EVOLUTION: ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL
... of intrinsically-stressful habitats has narrowed through time as groups evolved that could exploit such environments. Some environments have specialized floras adapted to the stresses, in the proximate sense (Gould and Vrba, 1982), and remain stressful to most other plants, e.g., deserts. In the Dev ...
... of intrinsically-stressful habitats has narrowed through time as groups evolved that could exploit such environments. Some environments have specialized floras adapted to the stresses, in the proximate sense (Gould and Vrba, 1982), and remain stressful to most other plants, e.g., deserts. In the Dev ...
To feed or not to feed?
... Improved performance.—Ecological theory suggests that an increase in the availability of food resources would lead to improved body condition and consequently increased survival and reproductive rates (Bayliss and Choquenot 2002). Indeed these are the intended effects of many supplementary feeding p ...
... Improved performance.—Ecological theory suggests that an increase in the availability of food resources would lead to improved body condition and consequently increased survival and reproductive rates (Bayliss and Choquenot 2002). Indeed these are the intended effects of many supplementary feeding p ...
Effects of Grazing on the Roots and Rhizosphere
... of the effects of grazing, found that, while differences in above-ground net primary productivity with grazing were related to differences in species composition, differences in root mass between grazed and ungrazed sites were not related to differences in above-ground net primary productivity. Nega ...
... of the effects of grazing, found that, while differences in above-ground net primary productivity with grazing were related to differences in species composition, differences in root mass between grazed and ungrazed sites were not related to differences in above-ground net primary productivity. Nega ...
Predator control of ecosystem nutrient dynamics
... (Schlesinger 1991). However, animals can directly and indirectly control the fate of nutrients in ecosystems, and may sometimes circumvent the need for microbial mineralization altogether, depending on how and where nutrients are consumed, translocated and eliminated (Vanni 2002; Wardle & Bardgett 2 ...
... (Schlesinger 1991). However, animals can directly and indirectly control the fate of nutrients in ecosystems, and may sometimes circumvent the need for microbial mineralization altogether, depending on how and where nutrients are consumed, translocated and eliminated (Vanni 2002; Wardle & Bardgett 2 ...
Ecosystem Functions of Tidal Fresh, Brackish, and Salt Marshes on
... and homogeneity of variance and analyzed using two- or three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with salinity zone, estuary, and (when relevant) elevation (creekbank, transect, and platform) as main factors, and sites as replicates (elevation was nested within site). This approach allowed us to incorp ...
... and homogeneity of variance and analyzed using two- or three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with salinity zone, estuary, and (when relevant) elevation (creekbank, transect, and platform) as main factors, and sites as replicates (elevation was nested within site). This approach allowed us to incorp ...
Ecosystem Functions of Tidal Fresh, Brackish, and Salt Marshes on
... and homogeneity of variance and analyzed using two- or three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with salinity zone, estuary, and (when relevant) elevation (creekbank, transect, and platform) as main factors, and sites as replicates (elevation was nested within site). This approach allowed us to incorp ...
... and homogeneity of variance and analyzed using two- or three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with salinity zone, estuary, and (when relevant) elevation (creekbank, transect, and platform) as main factors, and sites as replicates (elevation was nested within site). This approach allowed us to incorp ...
Biodiversity and pest management in orchard systems. A review
... 2006). Even though underlying processes affecting tree arthropods within complex structures are not always disentangled by authors the most plausible are: (i) the diversity of plant resources benefits specialised herbivores which are the prey or the host of various natural enemies, being themselves t ...
... 2006). Even though underlying processes affecting tree arthropods within complex structures are not always disentangled by authors the most plausible are: (i) the diversity of plant resources benefits specialised herbivores which are the prey or the host of various natural enemies, being themselves t ...
The Science of Ecology for a Sustainable World
... Species in such a way that he first proposed the use of a word to indicate the study of the relationship of organisms with their environment, and coined the term “ecology.” This word did not acquire much of its current meaning, however, until it was adopted several decades later by the Danish botani ...
... Species in such a way that he first proposed the use of a word to indicate the study of the relationship of organisms with their environment, and coined the term “ecology.” This word did not acquire much of its current meaning, however, until it was adopted several decades later by the Danish botani ...
When predators go missing – rise of the herbivores
... Novel predators are controlled because they prey on native fauna, but there is something more fundamental to conservation than killing novel predators, something ecological: around the world, ecosystems where vertebrate predators are eliminated by humans are worse off from vertebrate herbivore imbal ...
... Novel predators are controlled because they prey on native fauna, but there is something more fundamental to conservation than killing novel predators, something ecological: around the world, ecosystems where vertebrate predators are eliminated by humans are worse off from vertebrate herbivore imbal ...
Maternal adjustment of offspring provisioning and the consequences
... and reproduction have to be shared with neighbors in a patch. Yet, surprisingly, there are very few studies of the effects of competition on offspring provisioning. Plant species modify seed provisioning in response to competition in different ways. Some species manipulate the size of their offsprin ...
... and reproduction have to be shared with neighbors in a patch. Yet, surprisingly, there are very few studies of the effects of competition on offspring provisioning. Plant species modify seed provisioning in response to competition in different ways. Some species manipulate the size of their offsprin ...
Identification of plant families associated with the predators
... organic vegetables crops at Programa de Assentamento Dirigido do Distrito Federal - PADF and at Embrapa Hortaliças Experimental Station. The PADF population was collected on 11/04/05 and Embrapa Hortaliças populations were collected from August to October 2005. Insects were collected from the plants ...
... organic vegetables crops at Programa de Assentamento Dirigido do Distrito Federal - PADF and at Embrapa Hortaliças Experimental Station. The PADF population was collected on 11/04/05 and Embrapa Hortaliças populations were collected from August to October 2005. Insects were collected from the plants ...
Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes - Soil, Crop and More Information
... white, the native may be inefficient nitrogen fixers. The only choice may be to apply nitrogen fertilizer on the present crop and heavily inoculate the next crop. ...
... white, the native may be inefficient nitrogen fixers. The only choice may be to apply nitrogen fertilizer on the present crop and heavily inoculate the next crop. ...
density-mediated, context-dependent consumer–resource
... Abstract. Interspecific interactions are often mediated by the interplay between resource supply and consumer density. The supply of a resource and a consumer’s density response to it may in turn yield context-dependent use of other resources. Such consumer–resource interactions occur not only for p ...
... Abstract. Interspecific interactions are often mediated by the interplay between resource supply and consumer density. The supply of a resource and a consumer’s density response to it may in turn yield context-dependent use of other resources. Such consumer–resource interactions occur not only for p ...
Herbivore
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A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.