A1134 Plant sterols in breakfast cereals SD1 Risk assess
... concentrations of carotenoids of subjects consuming plant sterols remain within the broad natural range of variation. Clinical studies in which up to 9 g phytosterol esters per day (5.4 g of total plant sterols equivalent based on molecular weight conversion) were tested in adult subjects did not sh ...
... concentrations of carotenoids of subjects consuming plant sterols remain within the broad natural range of variation. Clinical studies in which up to 9 g phytosterol esters per day (5.4 g of total plant sterols equivalent based on molecular weight conversion) were tested in adult subjects did not sh ...
parasitism food web module
... population growth of basal species are often positive in the absence of their consumers, such as population growth of plants in the absence of their pollinators due to selfing or vegetative reproduction. The last term in each of Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 describes mortality of species i, where di is the mort ...
... population growth of basal species are often positive in the absence of their consumers, such as population growth of plants in the absence of their pollinators due to selfing or vegetative reproduction. The last term in each of Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 describes mortality of species i, where di is the mort ...
experiments - Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology
... grab and subdue prey. A third form of prey capture most commonly used by aerial predators consists of grasping prey with all the legs while in flight. Insects that use this method include dragonflies, robber flies, and scorpionflies. All these types of insects are generalists, feeding on any appropr ...
... grab and subdue prey. A third form of prey capture most commonly used by aerial predators consists of grasping prey with all the legs while in flight. Insects that use this method include dragonflies, robber flies, and scorpionflies. All these types of insects are generalists, feeding on any appropr ...
DOC - Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology
... grab and subdue prey. A third form of prey capture most commonly used by aerial predators consists of grasping prey with all the legs while in flight. Insects that use this method include dragonflies, robber flies, and scorpionflies. All these types of insects are generalists, feeding on any appropr ...
... grab and subdue prey. A third form of prey capture most commonly used by aerial predators consists of grasping prey with all the legs while in flight. Insects that use this method include dragonflies, robber flies, and scorpionflies. All these types of insects are generalists, feeding on any appropr ...
Forage fauna in the diet of three large pelagic fishes (lancetfish
... A total of 433 stomachs were collected during the nine longline trips, including 53 empty stomachs and 380 that contained food remains. The proportion of empty stomachs was 7% for lancetfish, 13% for yellowfin tuna and 16% for swordfish. The average wet weight of the 139 food samples of lancetfish w ...
... A total of 433 stomachs were collected during the nine longline trips, including 53 empty stomachs and 380 that contained food remains. The proportion of empty stomachs was 7% for lancetfish, 13% for yellowfin tuna and 16% for swordfish. The average wet weight of the 139 food samples of lancetfish w ...
Carol A. Blanchette for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy... presented on August 29, 1994. Factors on Population
... motion which enhances sea palm growth by increasing nutrient exchange and photosynthesis and preventing desiccation at low tide. Competition, disturbance and grazing were all important factors in ...
... motion which enhances sea palm growth by increasing nutrient exchange and photosynthesis and preventing desiccation at low tide. Competition, disturbance and grazing were all important factors in ...
lancetfish, swordfish and yellowfin tuna
... A total of 433 stomachs were collected during the nine longline trips, including 53 empty stomachs and 380 that contained food remains. The proportion of empty stomachs was 7% for lancetfish, 13% for yellowfin tuna and 16% for swordfish. The average wet weight of the 139 food samples of lancetfish w ...
... A total of 433 stomachs were collected during the nine longline trips, including 53 empty stomachs and 380 that contained food remains. The proportion of empty stomachs was 7% for lancetfish, 13% for yellowfin tuna and 16% for swordfish. The average wet weight of the 139 food samples of lancetfish w ...
EVOLUTION OF MOBILITY IN PREDATOR
... important to study since there are other trade-offs associated with these foraging modes. For example, prey have to trade-off their safety from predation to food acquisition. Similarly, predators trade-off their active hunting strategy to increased predation risk by their own predators. The effects ...
... important to study since there are other trade-offs associated with these foraging modes. For example, prey have to trade-off their safety from predation to food acquisition. Similarly, predators trade-off their active hunting strategy to increased predation risk by their own predators. The effects ...
A simple predator–prey model of exploited
... 1995), but the required additional knowledge of dispersal and movement rates makes their validation difficult (Conroy et al., 1995). On large spatial scales, which are usually of interest in marine fisheries management, simplified, traditional models may serve as useful approximations to system dyna ...
... 1995), but the required additional knowledge of dispersal and movement rates makes their validation difficult (Conroy et al., 1995). On large spatial scales, which are usually of interest in marine fisheries management, simplified, traditional models may serve as useful approximations to system dyna ...
Application of a predator–prey overlap metric to determine the
... are highly structured on fine scales. This structuring can influence the predator– prey interactions driving trophic transfer and thereby overall ecosystem production. Here we apply a statistic, the AB ratio (zAB), to quantify increased predator production due to fine-scale overlap with its prey. We ca ...
... are highly structured on fine scales. This structuring can influence the predator– prey interactions driving trophic transfer and thereby overall ecosystem production. Here we apply a statistic, the AB ratio (zAB), to quantify increased predator production due to fine-scale overlap with its prey. We ca ...
Predation and resource partitioning in one predator
... The two prey ( N , and Nz), identical by virtue of the equality of their r's, K's, h's, and c's, by themselves exhibit no stable equilibrium point or limit cycle (since their isoclines coincide). The eventual extinction of one species through random perturbations is certain. The three-species system ...
... The two prey ( N , and Nz), identical by virtue of the equality of their r's, K's, h's, and c's, by themselves exhibit no stable equilibrium point or limit cycle (since their isoclines coincide). The eventual extinction of one species through random perturbations is certain. The three-species system ...
Fire, Defoliation, and Competing Species Alter Aristida
... A factorial arrangement of two fire and four clipping treatments were applied to each of the three species–pair combinations in a completely randomized design with nine replications. Shoots were harvested for final biomass estimates and bud sampling 187 d after being transplanted into pots. Abovegro ...
... A factorial arrangement of two fire and four clipping treatments were applied to each of the three species–pair combinations in a completely randomized design with nine replications. Shoots were harvested for final biomass estimates and bud sampling 187 d after being transplanted into pots. Abovegro ...
A1134 Plant sterols in breakfast cereals AppR SD1 Risk assess
... sterols show a reduction in blood concentration of provitamin A carotenoids. These lipidsoluble phytochemicals are transported in blood by low density lipoprotein cholesterol, which is reduced by the intake of plant sterols. Consequently, the decrease in circulating amounts of carotenoids is not une ...
... sterols show a reduction in blood concentration of provitamin A carotenoids. These lipidsoluble phytochemicals are transported in blood by low density lipoprotein cholesterol, which is reduced by the intake of plant sterols. Consequently, the decrease in circulating amounts of carotenoids is not une ...
Positive Assortment through Environmental Feedback.
... abilities. This mechanism, which we refer to as “environmental feedback,” requires only that a single trait alters the quality of the local environment in some way and that all individuals tend to leave low-quality environments. The specific cooperative trait we study here is feeding restraint, also ...
... abilities. This mechanism, which we refer to as “environmental feedback,” requires only that a single trait alters the quality of the local environment in some way and that all individuals tend to leave low-quality environments. The specific cooperative trait we study here is feeding restraint, also ...
introduced browsing mammals in new zealand natural forests
... whole functional group of alien animal species can alter ecosystem properties. For the present study, we selected 30 exclosures, representing a wide geographic range and encompassing most of New Zealand’s major forest types (Fig. 1, Table 1; all sites subsequently referred to by the codes in the lef ...
... whole functional group of alien animal species can alter ecosystem properties. For the present study, we selected 30 exclosures, representing a wide geographic range and encompassing most of New Zealand’s major forest types (Fig. 1, Table 1; all sites subsequently referred to by the codes in the lef ...
Ecology 96 - Altieri Lab
... (Callaway and Pennings 1998, Pennings and Callaway 2002) have shown that consumers affect the performance and community composition of salt marsh plants. Recent studies revealed that small herbivores, such as snails and crabs, can exert strong top-down control in salt marshes (Bertness and Silliman ...
... (Callaway and Pennings 1998, Pennings and Callaway 2002) have shown that consumers affect the performance and community composition of salt marsh plants. Recent studies revealed that small herbivores, such as snails and crabs, can exert strong top-down control in salt marshes (Bertness and Silliman ...
trophic levels and trophic tangles
... based on 1000 randomizations of the original feeding matrix. Two types of randomized models were generated: (1) all non-herbivores randomized, where the number of herbivores and their links were held constant, but links to all other animal taxa were randomized and (2) all randomized, where all anima ...
... based on 1000 randomizations of the original feeding matrix. Two types of randomized models were generated: (1) all non-herbivores randomized, where the number of herbivores and their links were held constant, but links to all other animal taxa were randomized and (2) all randomized, where all anima ...
Cryptic Population Dynamics: Rapid Evolution Masks Trophic
... linking species in ecological food webs. The structure of these links and their strengths have major consequences for the dynamics and stability of food webs. The existence and strength of particular trophic links has often been assessed using observational data on changes in species abundance throu ...
... linking species in ecological food webs. The structure of these links and their strengths have major consequences for the dynamics and stability of food webs. The existence and strength of particular trophic links has often been assessed using observational data on changes in species abundance throu ...
Seed Predators and Plant Population Dynamics
... or no attention to herbivory of any kind, let alone to the impact of seed predation (Rees et al., 1996). Little is known about the degree to which seed predators influence the population dynamics of annual plants over the long term, but a number of studies point to important short-term effects (Harm ...
... or no attention to herbivory of any kind, let alone to the impact of seed predation (Rees et al., 1996). Little is known about the degree to which seed predators influence the population dynamics of annual plants over the long term, but a number of studies point to important short-term effects (Harm ...
Rare Plant Communities and Plant Species Report
... 4. An ecosystem (site series or surrogate) that comprises less than 2% of the landscape unit and is not common in adjacent landscape units. Definition 1. Plant communities listed in the Identified Wildlife Guidebook The Forest Practises Code guidebook for managing rare and endangered species and eco ...
... 4. An ecosystem (site series or surrogate) that comprises less than 2% of the landscape unit and is not common in adjacent landscape units. Definition 1. Plant communities listed in the Identified Wildlife Guidebook The Forest Practises Code guidebook for managing rare and endangered species and eco ...
predator diversity and identity drive interaction strength and trophic
... of herbivores and plants. Understanding how changes in predator diversity can propagate through food webs to alter ecosystem function is one of the most challenging ecological research topics today. We studied the effects of predator removal in a simple natural food web in the Sierra Nevada mountain ...
... of herbivores and plants. Understanding how changes in predator diversity can propagate through food webs to alter ecosystem function is one of the most challenging ecological research topics today. We studied the effects of predator removal in a simple natural food web in the Sierra Nevada mountain ...
Herbivore
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A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.