Toward an old-growth concept for grasslands, savannas, and
... only representatives of old growth in severely fireexcluded landscapes (Noss 2013). Climate-determined grasslands occur in regions where tree cover is limited by some aspect of climate, often low precipitation in the tropics (Staver et al. 2011) or low temperatures at high latitudes or elevations. W ...
... only representatives of old growth in severely fireexcluded landscapes (Noss 2013). Climate-determined grasslands occur in regions where tree cover is limited by some aspect of climate, often low precipitation in the tropics (Staver et al. 2011) or low temperatures at high latitudes or elevations. W ...
Natural History of Fungi
... Lichens have received too little attention from evolutionary biologists and geneticists. Lichen fungi are usually Ascomycetes and rarely Basidiomycetes. Similarly, there are relatively few green algae and blue-green bacteria able to participate in the relationship. The fungus must have an arsenal of ...
... Lichens have received too little attention from evolutionary biologists and geneticists. Lichen fungi are usually Ascomycetes and rarely Basidiomycetes. Similarly, there are relatively few green algae and blue-green bacteria able to participate in the relationship. The fungus must have an arsenal of ...
Competition as a factor underlying the abundance of an uncommon
... Abstract. 1. Recent reviews of experimental studies provide compelling evidence that competition should be retained as a potential factor influencing the success of phytophagous insects. In this context, the objective of the study was to determine the role of interspecific and intraspecific competit ...
... Abstract. 1. Recent reviews of experimental studies provide compelling evidence that competition should be retained as a potential factor influencing the success of phytophagous insects. In this context, the objective of the study was to determine the role of interspecific and intraspecific competit ...
Plant competition in mediterranean
... greater availability of resources at the individual plant level (water, nutrients, light and space). According to Grime (1977), competition would be less intense in the first stages of succession, due to lower density and size of plants, which would decrease resource demand. As succession advances, ...
... greater availability of resources at the individual plant level (water, nutrients, light and space). According to Grime (1977), competition would be less intense in the first stages of succession, due to lower density and size of plants, which would decrease resource demand. As succession advances, ...
Interactions among mycorrhizae, atmospheric CO R E P O R T
... influence soil moisture via effects on stomatal conductance. Soil moisture can increase under elevated atmospheric CO2 because of the commonly observed reduction in stomatal conductance, particularly in C3 species (Field et al. 1995). The increased soil moisture generated by elevated CO2 has been sh ...
... influence soil moisture via effects on stomatal conductance. Soil moisture can increase under elevated atmospheric CO2 because of the commonly observed reduction in stomatal conductance, particularly in C3 species (Field et al. 1995). The increased soil moisture generated by elevated CO2 has been sh ...
wording - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
... excess of three serves per day. As an additional risk management measure, the conditions of use were also extended to the effect that: foods containing added plant sterols must not be used as ingredients in other foods. In December 2004, the Ministerial Council requested a First Review of the Applic ...
... excess of three serves per day. As an additional risk management measure, the conditions of use were also extended to the effect that: foods containing added plant sterols must not be used as ingredients in other foods. In December 2004, the Ministerial Council requested a First Review of the Applic ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... We focus on three categories of traits that are essential to food web structure and dynamics. These categories are not exclusive, as some traits—such as body size or movement ability—can be found in multiple categories. We provide definitions, and support this classification with the interpretation ...
... We focus on three categories of traits that are essential to food web structure and dynamics. These categories are not exclusive, as some traits—such as body size or movement ability—can be found in multiple categories. We provide definitions, and support this classification with the interpretation ...
andrés meynard pontificia universidad católica de
... Figure 4. Restricted (specialized) use of one or a few host-plants or habitats, or ubiquitous (generalized) use of several host-plants or habitats types. ......................................................12 Figure 6. High ecological versatility of a generalist herbivore related to an even and po ...
... Figure 4. Restricted (specialized) use of one or a few host-plants or habitats, or ubiquitous (generalized) use of several host-plants or habitats types. ......................................................12 Figure 6. High ecological versatility of a generalist herbivore related to an even and po ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... We focus on three categories of traits that are essential to food web structure and dynamics. These categories are not exclusive, as some traits—such as body size or movement ability—can be found in multiple categories. We provide definitions, and support this classification with the interpretation ...
... We focus on three categories of traits that are essential to food web structure and dynamics. These categories are not exclusive, as some traits—such as body size or movement ability—can be found in multiple categories. We provide definitions, and support this classification with the interpretation ...
Predicting Changes in Community Composition and Ecosystem
... of scales which, by selecting individuals with appropriate responses, result in assemblages with varying trait composition. Functional linkages and trade-offs among traits, each of which relates to one or several processes, determine whether or not filtering by different factors gives a match, and w ...
... of scales which, by selecting individuals with appropriate responses, result in assemblages with varying trait composition. Functional linkages and trade-offs among traits, each of which relates to one or several processes, determine whether or not filtering by different factors gives a match, and w ...
ALTERNATIVE PREY AND THE DYNAMICS OF INTRAGUILD
... much more complex systems. But in others, the simplifications turn out to be oversimplifications. For example, predictions about the pattern of abundance along productivity gradients as a function of trophic level, derived from linear food chain models (e.g., Oksanen et al. 1981), break down with mult ...
... much more complex systems. But in others, the simplifications turn out to be oversimplifications. For example, predictions about the pattern of abundance along productivity gradients as a function of trophic level, derived from linear food chain models (e.g., Oksanen et al. 1981), break down with mult ...
Behavior of fish predators and their prey
... vegetation (Prince & Maughan 1979), thereby increasing encounter rates with, and vulnerability to, foragers that also reside there. Predation rate is reduced as structural complexity increases and the number of prey remains constant (Glass 1971, Savino & Stein 1982), but it can be maintained at adeq ...
... vegetation (Prince & Maughan 1979), thereby increasing encounter rates with, and vulnerability to, foragers that also reside there. Predation rate is reduced as structural complexity increases and the number of prey remains constant (Glass 1971, Savino & Stein 1982), but it can be maintained at adeq ...
E4ects of Habitat Destruction and Resource
... We developed a mean "eld, metapopulation model to study the consequences of habitat destruction on a predator}prey interaction. The model complements and extends earlier work published by Bascompte and SoleH (1998, J. theor. Biol. 195, 383}393) in that it also permits use of alternative prey (i.e., ...
... We developed a mean "eld, metapopulation model to study the consequences of habitat destruction on a predator}prey interaction. The model complements and extends earlier work published by Bascompte and SoleH (1998, J. theor. Biol. 195, 383}393) in that it also permits use of alternative prey (i.e., ...
CS 414 - Weed Science
... (including seeds and reproductive parts) of a parasitic or other plant of a kind which is of foreign origin, is new to or not widely prevalent in the U.S., and can directly or indirectly injure crops, other useful plants, livestock, poultry or other interests of agriculture, including irrigations, n ...
... (including seeds and reproductive parts) of a parasitic or other plant of a kind which is of foreign origin, is new to or not widely prevalent in the U.S., and can directly or indirectly injure crops, other useful plants, livestock, poultry or other interests of agriculture, including irrigations, n ...
Feeding electivity of Pugettia gracilis, the graceful kelp crab
... preference for N. luetkeana over A. marginata and S. latissima. Although P. gracilis may be a small crab, in high enough densities, they could have a population level impact on kelp, for example N. luetkeana. In situations where P. gracilis might graze on juvenile or solitary N. luetkeana, an even g ...
... preference for N. luetkeana over A. marginata and S. latissima. Although P. gracilis may be a small crab, in high enough densities, they could have a population level impact on kelp, for example N. luetkeana. In situations where P. gracilis might graze on juvenile or solitary N. luetkeana, an even g ...
An Activity Guide for Intermediate Elementary
... Benchmark B: Analyze plant and animal structures and functions needed for survival and describe the flow of energy through a system that all organisms use to survive. Indicators: Grade 3 2. Relate animal structures to their specific survival functions (e.g., obtaining food, escaping or hiding fro ...
... Benchmark B: Analyze plant and animal structures and functions needed for survival and describe the flow of energy through a system that all organisms use to survive. Indicators: Grade 3 2. Relate animal structures to their specific survival functions (e.g., obtaining food, escaping or hiding fro ...
The Effect of Deer and Method of Removal of Invasive Lonicera
... exclusively by seed. Jewelweed is sensitive to deer browsing (Williams et al. 2000; Asnani ...
... exclusively by seed. Jewelweed is sensitive to deer browsing (Williams et al. 2000; Asnani ...
Relationships between soil fungal and woody plant assemblages
... lack of resemblance of plant and microbial diversities along altitudinal gradients suggests that the relationships between plant and microbial assemblages vary among habitat types. In forested ecosystems, various habitat types have frequently been demonstrated to be defined by topographic features s ...
... lack of resemblance of plant and microbial diversities along altitudinal gradients suggests that the relationships between plant and microbial assemblages vary among habitat types. In forested ecosystems, various habitat types have frequently been demonstrated to be defined by topographic features s ...
Why Do the Boreal Forest Ecosystems of Northwestern Europe Differ
... is the key determinant of the dominant understory vegetation that then determines the herbivore–predator food-web interactions. The crucial unknown for the twenty-first century is how climate change and increasing instability will affect these forests, both with respect to the dynamics of individual ...
... is the key determinant of the dominant understory vegetation that then determines the herbivore–predator food-web interactions. The crucial unknown for the twenty-first century is how climate change and increasing instability will affect these forests, both with respect to the dynamics of individual ...
Herbivore
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A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat teeth that are adapted to grinding grass, tree bark, and other tough plant material.