Temperature - Division Of Animal Sciences
... of physiologists have contributed essential bioenergetic information by means of special calorimeters and other biophysical, biochemical, and anatomical methods. These data include the animals' mass, density, specific heat, geometrical dimensions, surface reflectance and emittance, thermal con ducti ...
... of physiologists have contributed essential bioenergetic information by means of special calorimeters and other biophysical, biochemical, and anatomical methods. These data include the animals' mass, density, specific heat, geometrical dimensions, surface reflectance and emittance, thermal con ducti ...
fulltext
... subdivided into the external (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi), while in mice, the GPi is known as the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) 2. Two additional structures strongly associated with the basal ganglia are the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) 3 (Figure 1). ...
... subdivided into the external (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi), while in mice, the GPi is known as the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) 2. Two additional structures strongly associated with the basal ganglia are the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) 3 (Figure 1). ...
computational and in vitro studies of persistent activity
... a trial. The network consists of one pool of inhibitory neurons (upper rasters, labeled I) and six pools of excitatory neurons, five of them selective to different stimuli (rasters labeled 1 through 5) and one of unselective neurons (unlabeled rasters). Within selective populations, neurons are coup ...
... a trial. The network consists of one pool of inhibitory neurons (upper rasters, labeled I) and six pools of excitatory neurons, five of them selective to different stimuli (rasters labeled 1 through 5) and one of unselective neurons (unlabeled rasters). Within selective populations, neurons are coup ...
Calcium-Independent Afterdepolarization Regulated by Serotonin in
... polarization and that there is a significant portion of the ADP that does not depend on calcium influx. Whereas previous studies found that intracellular calcium chelation could block the ADP (Luthi and McCormick 1998), we found that a strong ADP survived even after buffering intracellular calcium a ...
... polarization and that there is a significant portion of the ADP that does not depend on calcium influx. Whereas previous studies found that intracellular calcium chelation could block the ADP (Luthi and McCormick 1998), we found that a strong ADP survived even after buffering intracellular calcium a ...
NETMORPH: A Framework for the Stochastic
... individual growth cone. The various actions of the growth cone, such as elongation, branching and turning, are described as outcomes of stochastic processes that capture in a phenomenological manner the processes involved in neurite outgrowth. This description includes the influence on outgrowth of ...
... individual growth cone. The various actions of the growth cone, such as elongation, branching and turning, are described as outcomes of stochastic processes that capture in a phenomenological manner the processes involved in neurite outgrowth. This description includes the influence on outgrowth of ...
How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... of patterns of neural activity carry information. Possibilities include the total number of spikes averaged over a time window or a population of cells, the precise times of individual spikes, the presence of bursts, and patterns of correlated activity across cells, such as oscillations. We would al ...
... of patterns of neural activity carry information. Possibilities include the total number of spikes averaged over a time window or a population of cells, the precise times of individual spikes, the presence of bursts, and patterns of correlated activity across cells, such as oscillations. We would al ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... The histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) controls arousal and attention and the firing of TMN neurons is state-dependent, active during waking, silent during sleep. Thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH) promotes arousal and combats sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Single-cell RT-PCR (scRT- ...
... The histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus (TMN) controls arousal and attention and the firing of TMN neurons is state-dependent, active during waking, silent during sleep. Thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH) promotes arousal and combats sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Single-cell RT-PCR (scRT- ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... Saccadic eye movements rapidly shift the fovea from one area of interest to another in the visual scene. The superior ...
... Saccadic eye movements rapidly shift the fovea from one area of interest to another in the visual scene. The superior ...
The C. elegans Connectome Consists of Homogenous Circuits with
... Systems neuroscience is reaching the stage where large connectomes are being mapped and ambitious collaborative projects are established to decipher the fundamental questions relating structure and function [1–4]. To name few are the current attempts to construct a large-scale computer simulation of ...
... Systems neuroscience is reaching the stage where large connectomes are being mapped and ambitious collaborative projects are established to decipher the fundamental questions relating structure and function [1–4]. To name few are the current attempts to construct a large-scale computer simulation of ...
PDF file
... supervise motor nodes in the last layer. For example, a human teacher can hold a child’s hand (motor) to teach him how to write, but the teacher is not allowed to directly wire into the child’s brain. This inaccessibility of the brain is a major challenge for autonomous mental development. Some netw ...
... supervise motor nodes in the last layer. For example, a human teacher can hold a child’s hand (motor) to teach him how to write, but the teacher is not allowed to directly wire into the child’s brain. This inaccessibility of the brain is a major challenge for autonomous mental development. Some netw ...
Joseph and Heberlein 1 Tissue-specific Activation of a
... center for decision-making during Drosophila oviposition. We thus define sensory and central neurons critical to the process by which flies decide where to lay an egg. Furthermore, our findings provide insights into the complex nature of gustatory perception in Drosophila. We show that tissue-specif ...
... center for decision-making during Drosophila oviposition. We thus define sensory and central neurons critical to the process by which flies decide where to lay an egg. Furthermore, our findings provide insights into the complex nature of gustatory perception in Drosophila. We show that tissue-specif ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... connections in the PFC contact dendritic spines and thus appear to preferentially target pyramidal neurons (Melchitzky et al., 1998). Since these contacts form exclusively asymmetric synapses, these findings suggest that excitatory, long-distance, horizontal connections in the PFC are biased to inne ...
... connections in the PFC contact dendritic spines and thus appear to preferentially target pyramidal neurons (Melchitzky et al., 1998). Since these contacts form exclusively asymmetric synapses, these findings suggest that excitatory, long-distance, horizontal connections in the PFC are biased to inne ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... differential activation of pools of motor neurons in the oculomotor brainstem that ultimately generate the patterns of muscle contraction responsible for shifting gaze. This model, however, has yet to be tested functionally using either microstimulation or inactivation techniques. Learning from mista ...
... differential activation of pools of motor neurons in the oculomotor brainstem that ultimately generate the patterns of muscle contraction responsible for shifting gaze. This model, however, has yet to be tested functionally using either microstimulation or inactivation techniques. Learning from mista ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... It has long been known that presynaptic activity that precedes postsynaptic firing or depolarization can induce LTP, whereas reversing this temporal order causes LTD11–13. Recent experimental results have expanded our knowledge of the effects of spike timing on LTP and LTD induction14–21. Although t ...
... It has long been known that presynaptic activity that precedes postsynaptic firing or depolarization can induce LTP, whereas reversing this temporal order causes LTD11–13. Recent experimental results have expanded our knowledge of the effects of spike timing on LTP and LTD induction14–21. Although t ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... basket-like complexes around stellate and pyramidal neurons in layer II. Wouterlood et al. (1995) described the morphology of layer II parvalbumin (PV) GABA neurons. It is likely that the very fast-spiking interneurons observed by Jones and Buhl (1993) were PV⫹ interneurons. These neurons have exten ...
... basket-like complexes around stellate and pyramidal neurons in layer II. Wouterlood et al. (1995) described the morphology of layer II parvalbumin (PV) GABA neurons. It is likely that the very fast-spiking interneurons observed by Jones and Buhl (1993) were PV⫹ interneurons. These neurons have exten ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... Figure 2. Graphical representation of the computational interactions between expectation and error units: the interactions depicted here are based on the differential equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical ...
... Figure 2. Graphical representation of the computational interactions between expectation and error units: the interactions depicted here are based on the differential equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical ...
as a PDF
... uncontrolled insulin-deficient diabetes, increase the expression of NPY and AgRP mRNA in the ARC (15) (Table 1), while decreasing POMC (9) and CART (24) gene expression in this brain area. By comparison, only the catabolic-effector pathways have been clearly found to respond to overfeeding. When rat ...
... uncontrolled insulin-deficient diabetes, increase the expression of NPY and AgRP mRNA in the ARC (15) (Table 1), while decreasing POMC (9) and CART (24) gene expression in this brain area. By comparison, only the catabolic-effector pathways have been clearly found to respond to overfeeding. When rat ...
Representational Capacity of Face Coding in Monkeys
... Other investigations have found that the information carrying capacity of inferior temporal neurons grows more slowly than a linear function of the number of neurons (Gochin et al., 1994; E. T. Rolls, A. Treves, and M. J. Tovee, unpublished observations). This would suggests that face coding is not ...
... Other investigations have found that the information carrying capacity of inferior temporal neurons grows more slowly than a linear function of the number of neurons (Gochin et al., 1994; E. T. Rolls, A. Treves, and M. J. Tovee, unpublished observations). This would suggests that face coding is not ...
Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour
... assemblies of projection neurons5,9–11. Each neuron in an odourcoding assembly responds with an odour-specific temporal firing pattern consisting of periods of activity and silence5,9. Any two neurons responding to the same odour are usually co-active only during a fraction of the population respons ...
... assemblies of projection neurons5,9–11. Each neuron in an odourcoding assembly responds with an odour-specific temporal firing pattern consisting of periods of activity and silence5,9. Any two neurons responding to the same odour are usually co-active only during a fraction of the population respons ...
Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the Subventricular Zone and
... (II–IV) of the murine cortex, suggesting that they may define the molecular identity of these neurons. An antibody against Cux-1 labels the nucleus of most of the postmitotic upper layer neurons but does not label parvoalbumin-positive cortical interneurons that derive from the medial ganglionic emin ...
... (II–IV) of the murine cortex, suggesting that they may define the molecular identity of these neurons. An antibody against Cux-1 labels the nucleus of most of the postmitotic upper layer neurons but does not label parvoalbumin-positive cortical interneurons that derive from the medial ganglionic emin ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.