PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... endowed with a Mexican-hat architecture (Amari 1977; BenYishai et al. 1995), with local excitation between pyramidal cells with similar spatial preference and broad synaptic inhibition from c-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) cells. When the strength of recurrent excitatory synapses is sufficiently ...
... endowed with a Mexican-hat architecture (Amari 1977; BenYishai et al. 1995), with local excitation between pyramidal cells with similar spatial preference and broad synaptic inhibition from c-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) cells. When the strength of recurrent excitatory synapses is sufficiently ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... used to drive the glass blob to tap the tadpole forehead to simulate its physical head-on clashes with a solid surface. The speed of tap could be adjusted by changing the sinewave frequency to match natural swimming speed (⬃36 mm/s). To exclude the involvement of the cement gland in KO responses, th ...
... used to drive the glass blob to tap the tadpole forehead to simulate its physical head-on clashes with a solid surface. The speed of tap could be adjusted by changing the sinewave frequency to match natural swimming speed (⬃36 mm/s). To exclude the involvement of the cement gland in KO responses, th ...
Effects of acetylcholine on neuronal properties in entorhinal cortex James G. Heys
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
... there are neurons in the MSDB that express a range of classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones, this review focuses on the population of putative cholinergic neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the separate population of GABAergic neurons expressing GAD, which together compr ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... Hypocretins (Hcrts) are recently discovered peptides linked to the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Humans with narcolepsy have decreased numbers of Hcrt neurons and Hcrt-null mice also have narcoleptic symptoms. Hcrt neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) but neither electrolytic ...
... Hypocretins (Hcrts) are recently discovered peptides linked to the human sleep disorder narcolepsy. Humans with narcolepsy have decreased numbers of Hcrt neurons and Hcrt-null mice also have narcoleptic symptoms. Hcrt neurons are located only in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) but neither electrolytic ...
Locally evoked potentials in slices of the rat nucleus - UvA-DARE
... most likely GABAergic and peptidergic 3,24. Projection neurons in the Acb are thought to be mainly GABAergic and peptidergic 21'31'62'63. Behavioral, anatomical and physiological studies have supported the notion that the Acb functions as an interface between the limbic system and structures mediati ...
... most likely GABAergic and peptidergic 3,24. Projection neurons in the Acb are thought to be mainly GABAergic and peptidergic 21'31'62'63. Behavioral, anatomical and physiological studies have supported the notion that the Acb functions as an interface between the limbic system and structures mediati ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... system were then developed to characterize the responsiveness of these neurons to leptin and other agents37–41. All POMC neurons seem to show spontaneous action potentials, and leptin was found to inhibit the release of GABA from NPY terminals synapsing onto POMC neurons (Fig. 2); in addition, immun ...
... system were then developed to characterize the responsiveness of these neurons to leptin and other agents37–41. All POMC neurons seem to show spontaneous action potentials, and leptin was found to inhibit the release of GABA from NPY terminals synapsing onto POMC neurons (Fig. 2); in addition, immun ...
An Introduction to the ANS and Higher
... • Bloodstream carries neurotransmitters through body • Causing changes in metabolic activities of different cells including cells not innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers • Effects last longer • Hormones continue to diffuse out of bloodstream ...
... • Bloodstream carries neurotransmitters through body • Causing changes in metabolic activities of different cells including cells not innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers • Effects last longer • Hormones continue to diffuse out of bloodstream ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... number of synaptic contacts within an endplate actually increases while the number of presynaptic axons innervating a given muscle fiber decreases. The observation that only one axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent wi ...
... number of synaptic contacts within an endplate actually increases while the number of presynaptic axons innervating a given muscle fiber decreases. The observation that only one axon ends up taking over the entire NMJ suggested that there is a competition among the presynaptic inputs. Consistent wi ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... In current-clamp recordings, focal application of 1µM PK2 reversibly influenced the excitability of the majority of dissociated AP cells tested, producing both depolarizations (38%) and hyperpolarizations (28%) in a concentration-dependent manner. Slow voltage ramps and ion substitution experiments ...
... In current-clamp recordings, focal application of 1µM PK2 reversibly influenced the excitability of the majority of dissociated AP cells tested, producing both depolarizations (38%) and hyperpolarizations (28%) in a concentration-dependent manner. Slow voltage ramps and ion substitution experiments ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... Key words: subthalamic nucleus; GABA; bicuculline; gabazine; extracellular single-unit recordings; firing pattern; bursts of spikes; nonanesthetized animal; sleep–wake cycle; microiontophoresis ABSTRACT : The subthalamic nucleus (STN) powerfully controls basal ganglia outputs and has been implicated ...
... Key words: subthalamic nucleus; GABA; bicuculline; gabazine; extracellular single-unit recordings; firing pattern; bursts of spikes; nonanesthetized animal; sleep–wake cycle; microiontophoresis ABSTRACT : The subthalamic nucleus (STN) powerfully controls basal ganglia outputs and has been implicated ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... projections is governed by rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning mechanisms that produce a diversity of motor neuron subpopulations with distinct differentiation programmes. Some of the guidance molecules that are involved in elaborating axon projections have also been characterized. However, man ...
... projections is governed by rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning mechanisms that produce a diversity of motor neuron subpopulations with distinct differentiation programmes. Some of the guidance molecules that are involved in elaborating axon projections have also been characterized. However, man ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
... By studying NR-driven synaptic modification in the framework of associative memory networks, we show that NR prunes the weaker synapses and modifies the remaining synapses in a sigmoidal manner. The critical variables that govern the pruning process are the degradation dimension and the upper synapt ...
Tau pathology does not affect experience-driven single
... the hypothesis that tangles, per se, impair neuronal function. In fact, there is no conclusive evidence for a mechanistic role of NFTs in dysregulation of nervous system, either on a single-neuron or neuronal network level. We hypothesized that the tangle pathology would disrupt integration of incom ...
... the hypothesis that tangles, per se, impair neuronal function. In fact, there is no conclusive evidence for a mechanistic role of NFTs in dysregulation of nervous system, either on a single-neuron or neuronal network level. We hypothesized that the tangle pathology would disrupt integration of incom ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
Nerves and how they work File
... up if the neurotransmitter activates Na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane • An EPSP depolarises the post-synaptic membrane • Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) is set up if the neurotransmitter activates Cl- channels in the post-synaptic membrane • And IPSP hyperpolarises the post-synap ...
... up if the neurotransmitter activates Na+ channels on the post synaptic membrane • An EPSP depolarises the post-synaptic membrane • Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) is set up if the neurotransmitter activates Cl- channels in the post-synaptic membrane • And IPSP hyperpolarises the post-synap ...
1From neuronal activity to scalp potential fields - Assets
... Figure 1.2. Closely folded brain structures only generate “closed fields” which cancel within a few millimeters due to nearby sources with random or opposite orientations. Although some structures like the cerebellum were historically considered to generate only closed fields and no EEG, recent MEG ...
... Figure 1.2. Closely folded brain structures only generate “closed fields” which cancel within a few millimeters due to nearby sources with random or opposite orientations. Although some structures like the cerebellum were historically considered to generate only closed fields and no EEG, recent MEG ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... The method used to study brain functions depends on the question one likes to answer, given that every method has it advantages and disadvantages. Some methods, like EEG and fMRI have the advantage of being noninvasive. EEG reflects the gradual change in the membrane potential of large populations o ...
... The method used to study brain functions depends on the question one likes to answer, given that every method has it advantages and disadvantages. Some methods, like EEG and fMRI have the advantage of being noninvasive. EEG reflects the gradual change in the membrane potential of large populations o ...
Chapter 2 – Action potential - Fun-Mooc
... of the current step: we call this an ohmic response. But starting with a certain depolarization threshold, we start to see a large-amplitude signal, sharp and short. We see here a time scale of approximately 1 millisecond coming back to normal. This is an action potential. Therefore, an action poten ...
... of the current step: we call this an ohmic response. But starting with a certain depolarization threshold, we start to see a large-amplitude signal, sharp and short. We see here a time scale of approximately 1 millisecond coming back to normal. This is an action potential. Therefore, an action poten ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.