Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
... gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. L ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... firing to the intensity of the flash. In order to decide whether the neuron had signaled the presence of the stimulus on any single trial, they required that the neuron fire N action potentials on that trial, where N is greater than or equal to a criterion number, M. For each stimulus level, the pro ...
... firing to the intensity of the flash. In order to decide whether the neuron had signaled the presence of the stimulus on any single trial, they required that the neuron fire N action potentials on that trial, where N is greater than or equal to a criterion number, M. For each stimulus level, the pro ...
Appendix Basics of the Nervous System
... The sympathetic works to increase energy utilization. It is part of the emergency response system of our body. It increases heart rate, breathing and related functions while inhibiting digestion and other systems that impede our emergency responses. The parasympathetic in most cases operates on the ...
... The sympathetic works to increase energy utilization. It is part of the emergency response system of our body. It increases heart rate, breathing and related functions while inhibiting digestion and other systems that impede our emergency responses. The parasympathetic in most cases operates on the ...
Neurotransmitter Function
... button, transmitter is released. Ca++ (calcium) channels open in the membrane Ca++ enters and fuses with the synaptic vesicles that are docked to the membrane Vesicles then release neurotransmitter into the ...
... button, transmitter is released. Ca++ (calcium) channels open in the membrane Ca++ enters and fuses with the synaptic vesicles that are docked to the membrane Vesicles then release neurotransmitter into the ...
http://www.utdallas.edu/~tres/papers/Disterhoftetal1994.pdf
... the Na+/Ca2+exchangers. The calcium hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease posits that dysregulation of free intracellular calcium is causally linked to some of the processes that underlie the neuronal deterioration occurring in Alzheimer’s disease as well as in normal aging.’**The root cause for Alzhei ...
... the Na+/Ca2+exchangers. The calcium hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease posits that dysregulation of free intracellular calcium is causally linked to some of the processes that underlie the neuronal deterioration occurring in Alzheimer’s disease as well as in normal aging.’**The root cause for Alzhei ...
Hello. I`m Michael Farries, a graduate student of David Perkel. I have
... (mammals: dorsal pallium; birds: ventral and lateral pallia). Something similar might happen in the patterning of the subpallium (molecular mechanisms as yet undefined), perhaps related to the shift in patterning in the pallium, perhaps independent of that. To clarify: the amniote subpallium might b ...
... (mammals: dorsal pallium; birds: ventral and lateral pallia). Something similar might happen in the patterning of the subpallium (molecular mechanisms as yet undefined), perhaps related to the shift in patterning in the pallium, perhaps independent of that. To clarify: the amniote subpallium might b ...
Continuous attractor network models of grid cell firing based on
... account for theta-nested gamma oscillations as well as grid firing, predict spatial firing of interneurons as well as excitatory cells, show how gamma oscillations can be modulated independently from spatial computations, reveal critical roles for neuronal noise, and demonstrate that only a subset o ...
... account for theta-nested gamma oscillations as well as grid firing, predict spatial firing of interneurons as well as excitatory cells, show how gamma oscillations can be modulated independently from spatial computations, reveal critical roles for neuronal noise, and demonstrate that only a subset o ...
The Calcium Rationale in Aging and Alzheimer`s Disease
... the Na+/Ca2+exchangers. The calcium hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease posits that dysregulation of free intracellular calcium is causally linked to some of the processes that underlie the neuronal deterioration occurring in Alzheimer’s disease as well as in normal aging.’**The root cause for Alzhei ...
... the Na+/Ca2+exchangers. The calcium hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease posits that dysregulation of free intracellular calcium is causally linked to some of the processes that underlie the neuronal deterioration occurring in Alzheimer’s disease as well as in normal aging.’**The root cause for Alzhei ...
Spatial Responsiveness of Monkey Hippocampal Neurons to
... of the monkey to its right and was hidden by a wing of the apparatus. In this situation, various visual and auditory stimuli were presented to the monkey from several directions. Many different objects chosen from a pool of about 1,000, as well as some parts of the human body, were used as visual st ...
... of the monkey to its right and was hidden by a wing of the apparatus. In this situation, various visual and auditory stimuli were presented to the monkey from several directions. Many different objects chosen from a pool of about 1,000, as well as some parts of the human body, were used as visual st ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of spikes within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This ...
... Burst firing was also examined by measuring the percentage of spikes within bursts. As in our previous study (Burgos-Robles et al., 2007), a burst was defined as three or more consecutive spikes with an interspike interval of ⬍25 ms between the first two spikes and ⬍50 ms for subsequent spikes. This ...
Maruska & Tricas 2009b
... by fishes for predator and prey detection, and social interactions such as courtship and territoriality (see Zelick et al. 1999; Ladich and Myrberg 2006; Myrberg and Lugli 2006). The inner ear of jawed fishes consists of three semicircular canals that serve a vestibular function to encode angular ac ...
... by fishes for predator and prey detection, and social interactions such as courtship and territoriality (see Zelick et al. 1999; Ladich and Myrberg 2006; Myrberg and Lugli 2006). The inner ear of jawed fishes consists of three semicircular canals that serve a vestibular function to encode angular ac ...
Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory signals related to the animal’s recent actions are also availa ...
... well understood. Clearly, this updating mechanism has to integrate multiple types of signals, such as value functions and reward prediction errors. In addition, the process of reinforcement learning would be greatly facilitated if memory signals related to the animal’s recent actions are also availa ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels (Lüscher et al., 1997). It has been suggested that synaptically released GABA from a large number of coactive interneurons must be pooled or accumulated to activate GABAB receptors (Isaacson et al., 1993; Scanziani, 2000). Postsynaptic GABAB receptors also inhibit volt ...
... rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels (Lüscher et al., 1997). It has been suggested that synaptically released GABA from a large number of coactive interneurons must be pooled or accumulated to activate GABAB receptors (Isaacson et al., 1993; Scanziani, 2000). Postsynaptic GABAB receptors also inhibit volt ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... (ETHR) (Diao et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2006, 2015). A current model proposes that each class of peptidergic ETH targets then activates or modulates specific phases of ecdysis behavior (Kim et al., 2006). However, the mechanism responsible for producing the sequential activation of these targets in r ...
... (ETHR) (Diao et al., 2016; Kim et al., 2006, 2015). A current model proposes that each class of peptidergic ETH targets then activates or modulates specific phases of ecdysis behavior (Kim et al., 2006). However, the mechanism responsible for producing the sequential activation of these targets in r ...
Chemosensory Systems
... denatonium benzoate and quinineHCl], salty [NaCl and NaBr are pure salty] and sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds with bitter tastes. 4. Stimulus-receptor interaction occurs in taste-b ...
... denatonium benzoate and quinineHCl], salty [NaCl and NaBr are pure salty] and sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds with bitter tastes. 4. Stimulus-receptor interaction occurs in taste-b ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... Another cortical area where there are mirror neurons is area PF (Fogassi et al. 1998; Gallese et al. 2002). This area forms the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. PF receives input from STS, where there are many neurons that become active during the observation of action (Perrett at al. 1 ...
... Another cortical area where there are mirror neurons is area PF (Fogassi et al. 1998; Gallese et al. 2002). This area forms the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. PF receives input from STS, where there are many neurons that become active during the observation of action (Perrett at al. 1 ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization (MERGED) indicating halorhodopsin expression in medium spiny neurons (red + green). Scale bar, 20 mm. (B) Electrophysiological recording fro ...
... medium spiny neurons. (A) Medium spiny neurons (DARPP-32, red), halorhodopsin (YFP, green), and occurred in the errors after reversal. The their colocalization (MERGED) indicating halorhodopsin expression in medium spiny neurons (red + green). Scale bar, 20 mm. (B) Electrophysiological recording fro ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, The National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [DK075087 (M.J.K.), DK075089 (M.J.K.)]. We thank Bryan L. Roth for guidance. ...
... This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, The National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [DK075087 (M.J.K.), DK075089 (M.J.K.)]. We thank Bryan L. Roth for guidance. ...
Article
... compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since inte ...
... compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since inte ...
Reward and Aversion
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... visualizing SQS on brain sections, we found moderate SQS expression in many cortical neurons in control animals (Fig. 1g), implying ongoing cholesterol biosynthesis. In contrast, mutant neurons completely lacked SQS staining. Astrocytes (identified based on their characteristic morphology), however, ...
... visualizing SQS on brain sections, we found moderate SQS expression in many cortical neurons in control animals (Fig. 1g), implying ongoing cholesterol biosynthesis. In contrast, mutant neurons completely lacked SQS staining. Astrocytes (identified based on their characteristic morphology), however, ...
Synaptic and extrasynaptic traces of long-term memory
... ago, they only need to contain unique identifiers of various entities, and that this can be achieved using relatively small molecules, using a random code (‘ID molecules’). In this paper, the logistics of information flow are followed through the steps of storage and retrieval, and the conclusion re ...
... ago, they only need to contain unique identifiers of various entities, and that this can be achieved using relatively small molecules, using a random code (‘ID molecules’). In this paper, the logistics of information flow are followed through the steps of storage and retrieval, and the conclusion re ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.