Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... axonal projection within the FR, from the rHb to the IPN. (b) A single R habenular neuron labeled by focal electroporation and visualized by anti-GFP immunostaining (brown). The image shows the dorsal diencephalon of a dissected brain of a 4 dpf larva. Dotted lines show the borders of the habenulae ...
... axonal projection within the FR, from the rHb to the IPN. (b) A single R habenular neuron labeled by focal electroporation and visualized by anti-GFP immunostaining (brown). The image shows the dorsal diencephalon of a dissected brain of a 4 dpf larva. Dotted lines show the borders of the habenulae ...
Total Wiring Length Minimization of C. elegans Neural
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
... not significantly vary from animal to animal. In particular, number of neurons (302) in the hermaphrodite worm is consistent across the individuals [1, 2], and synapses (both chemical synapses and electric gap junctions) are stereotypical with more than 75% reproducibility [3]. This consistency make ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... stage in a 700 l recording chamber that allowed bright-field illumination from below on an upright Nikon (Tokyo, Japan) E600FN microscope. The animal was tilted to an angle, which allowed the exposed neuronal cell bodies on the left and right sides of the cord to be seen using a 40⫻ water immersion ...
... stage in a 700 l recording chamber that allowed bright-field illumination from below on an upright Nikon (Tokyo, Japan) E600FN microscope. The animal was tilted to an angle, which allowed the exposed neuronal cell bodies on the left and right sides of the cord to be seen using a 40⫻ water immersion ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... cyclase–activating peptide) and is thought to activate the adenylyl cyclase encoded by rut, was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolida ...
... cyclase–activating peptide) and is thought to activate the adenylyl cyclase encoded by rut, was not identified until much later. This gene is preferentially expressed in the dorsal paired medial (DPM) neurons (Waddell et al., 2000), which have been shown to play an important role in memory consolida ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... push–pull perfusion or microdialysis [14,15] can be accomplished without contamination by local synaptic release or reuptake of peripherally released peptides (since the blood– brain barrier effectively blocks reuptake), dividing the brain and its periphery into two separate compartments. Simultaneo ...
... push–pull perfusion or microdialysis [14,15] can be accomplished without contamination by local synaptic release or reuptake of peripherally released peptides (since the blood– brain barrier effectively blocks reuptake), dividing the brain and its periphery into two separate compartments. Simultaneo ...
Tsutsui (2004) Neural mechanisms of three
... images for both eyes. This clearly demonstrates the principles of stereoscopic vision that binocular disparity alone can elicit a strong 3D perception and that binocular disparity can be detected independently of 2D contour detection. The invention of the RDS had a strong impact on researchers at th ...
... images for both eyes. This clearly demonstrates the principles of stereoscopic vision that binocular disparity alone can elicit a strong 3D perception and that binocular disparity can be detected independently of 2D contour detection. The invention of the RDS had a strong impact on researchers at th ...
Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... that he chronically and uncontrollably inhaled gasoline for its intoxicating effects (Clinger and Johnson, 1951). A decade later, the press from major American cities started reporting on the increasingly popular phenomenon of intentional glue sniffing among youth, and medical professionals started ...
... that he chronically and uncontrollably inhaled gasoline for its intoxicating effects (Clinger and Johnson, 1951). A decade later, the press from major American cities started reporting on the increasingly popular phenomenon of intentional glue sniffing among youth, and medical professionals started ...
Potassium Currents Responsible for Inward and Outward
... 1980; Kawaguchi et al., 1989, 1990) (Fig. 1A). The basic electrophysiological properties (e.g., membranepotential, input resistance,spike threshold)of all unidentified neuronswere identical to those of the labeledspiny neurons.In addition, the subthreshold responsesof the subpopulationsof identified ...
... 1980; Kawaguchi et al., 1989, 1990) (Fig. 1A). The basic electrophysiological properties (e.g., membranepotential, input resistance,spike threshold)of all unidentified neuronswere identical to those of the labeledspiny neurons.In addition, the subthreshold responsesof the subpopulationsof identified ...
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
... remaining cell types comprise large aspiny cholinergic interneurons, and at least 3 distinct types of GABAergic interneurons (Kawaguchi, 1993; Kawaguchi et al., 1995). These GABAergic interneurons were first characterized electrophysiologically, morphologically and neurochemically by Kawaguchi and c ...
... remaining cell types comprise large aspiny cholinergic interneurons, and at least 3 distinct types of GABAergic interneurons (Kawaguchi, 1993; Kawaguchi et al., 1995). These GABAergic interneurons were first characterized electrophysiologically, morphologically and neurochemically by Kawaguchi and c ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... "clinical" type of testing was designed to allow analysis of neuronal responses related to feeding, or to the presentation of aversive objects. Various food, non-food and aversive objects were presented and brought towards the animal, and in the case of foods, fed to the animal. Measurements of the ...
... "clinical" type of testing was designed to allow analysis of neuronal responses related to feeding, or to the presentation of aversive objects. Various food, non-food and aversive objects were presented and brought towards the animal, and in the case of foods, fed to the animal. Measurements of the ...
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interception of
... identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor cortex in these two animals, and the neurons were classified based on the temporal patterns in their activity, using a nonhierarchical cluster analysis. Results of this analysis revealed ...
... identified previously in human subjects. Single-cell activity was recorded from the arm area of the primary motor cortex in these two animals, and the neurons were classified based on the temporal patterns in their activity, using a nonhierarchical cluster analysis. Results of this analysis revealed ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... compared with the execution condition, the population mean firing rate during observation represented a mean disfacilitation of around 45 spikes/s/PTN. On the right of Figure 3D, we estimated the same change for a group of 34 nonmirror PTNs recorded in the same monkeys. By definition, these PTNs sho ...
... compared with the execution condition, the population mean firing rate during observation represented a mean disfacilitation of around 45 spikes/s/PTN. On the right of Figure 3D, we estimated the same change for a group of 34 nonmirror PTNs recorded in the same monkeys. By definition, these PTNs sho ...
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... evidence that neuronal loss appears on a large scale as a universal effect throughout the whole brain. It is estimated that, in the cortex, very few neurons become lost with age (Cragg 1975; Pakkenberg & Gundensen, 1997; Peters et al., 1998), and that this does not drastically affect cortical functi ...
... evidence that neuronal loss appears on a large scale as a universal effect throughout the whole brain. It is estimated that, in the cortex, very few neurons become lost with age (Cragg 1975; Pakkenberg & Gundensen, 1997; Peters et al., 1998), and that this does not drastically affect cortical functi ...
The seasonal hippocampus of food-storing birds.
... ence in the hippocampus of neurons labelled at an earlier point in time with a cell-birth marker such as tritiated thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Cell-birth markers are incorporated into the nucleus of dividing cells during the S-phase of mitosis and the marker can later be detected by autor ...
... ence in the hippocampus of neurons labelled at an earlier point in time with a cell-birth marker such as tritiated thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Cell-birth markers are incorporated into the nucleus of dividing cells during the S-phase of mitosis and the marker can later be detected by autor ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
... the central pattern-generating networks that control rhythmic movements of the foregut (Harris-Warrick et al., 1992). One of the most remarkable features of this nervous system is the richness and diversity of its neuromodulatory control systems. Specifically, although the stomatogastric ganglion (S ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... characterized and modeled over the last 25 years. More recently, the genes encoding the voltage-dependent K ⫹ channels in this system have been cloned, and protocols for studying these molecular entities in individual identified pyloric neurons have been established (for review, see Baro and Harris- ...
... characterized and modeled over the last 25 years. More recently, the genes encoding the voltage-dependent K ⫹ channels in this system have been cloned, and protocols for studying these molecular entities in individual identified pyloric neurons have been established (for review, see Baro and Harris- ...
Understanding Embodied Cognition through Dynamical Systems
... lower left quadrant. As neurons in the nervous system are richly connected, there are many potential sources for such transient perturbations. Any given neuronal state will persist long enough to have an effect on other neurons only if it is stabilized against the majority of such perturbative inpu ...
... lower left quadrant. As neurons in the nervous system are richly connected, there are many potential sources for such transient perturbations. Any given neuronal state will persist long enough to have an effect on other neurons only if it is stabilized against the majority of such perturbative inpu ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... To explore the function of KCNQ/M channels in shaping the intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Sh ...
... To explore the function of KCNQ/M channels in shaping the intrinsic firing pattern of principal brain neurons, we examined the effects of selective KCNQ/M channel modulators on spike electrogenesis in CA1 pyramidal cells. Previous studies have confirmed that these neurons express KCNQ/M channels (Sh ...
Increased Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) in
... colabeled with dye and NOS were similarly counted. NOS staining using diaminobenzidine HCI and nickel intensification often obscured the tracer dye fluorescence in the cytoplasm such that dye fluorescence was only evident in the nucleus and in small cytoplasmic granules in NOS-IR cells (Vizzard et a ...
... colabeled with dye and NOS were similarly counted. NOS staining using diaminobenzidine HCI and nickel intensification often obscured the tracer dye fluorescence in the cytoplasm such that dye fluorescence was only evident in the nucleus and in small cytoplasmic granules in NOS-IR cells (Vizzard et a ...
Pre-Bötzinger complex
The pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem. This complex has been proven to be essential for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much present research.Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in ""in vitro"" preparations from 0-7 day old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14-21 day old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and SIDS in neonatal infants.