Beyond the classical receptive field: The effect of contextual stimuli
... short- and long-range neural connections among neurons responding to different regions within the retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range interactions; for long-range interactions, more powerful mechanisms are needed. Accordingly, the hitherto es ...
... short- and long-range neural connections among neurons responding to different regions within the retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range interactions; for long-range interactions, more powerful mechanisms are needed. Accordingly, the hitherto es ...
HA5_MM_ch12_3 - El Camino College
... synapses with several other neurons (divergence) Converging circuit – many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (convergence) Reverberating circuit – circuit that receives feedback via a collateral axon from a neuron in the circuit ...
... synapses with several other neurons (divergence) Converging circuit – many neurons synapse on a single postsynaptic neuron (convergence) Reverberating circuit – circuit that receives feedback via a collateral axon from a neuron in the circuit ...
The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement
... (sensory nuclei) whose axons receive stimulus information from the body’s surface. The ventral horn contains groups of motor neurons (motor nuclei) whose axons exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles. Unlike the sensory nuclei, the motor nuclei form columns that run the length of the spi ...
... (sensory nuclei) whose axons receive stimulus information from the body’s surface. The ventral horn contains groups of motor neurons (motor nuclei) whose axons exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles. Unlike the sensory nuclei, the motor nuclei form columns that run the length of the spi ...
Science - Princeton University
... plotted in both eyes. For each unit, the size and location of the receptive fields in the two eyes were similar. In two of these units, the preferred direction of movement in the receptive field of each eye was mirror symmetric along the vertical meridian. For example, if the receptive field in the ...
... plotted in both eyes. For each unit, the size and location of the receptive fields in the two eyes were similar. In two of these units, the preferred direction of movement in the receptive field of each eye was mirror symmetric along the vertical meridian. For example, if the receptive field in the ...
Multiple Representation in Primate SI
... 1.2 Hierarchical Relationship between Areas 3b and 1 Numerous studies suggest a hierarchical relationship between Area 3b and Area 1. Ablations of Area 3a and 3b leave Area 1 unresponsive, consistent with anatomy studies that show that Area 1 receives the bulk of its input from Area 3b. These findin ...
... 1.2 Hierarchical Relationship between Areas 3b and 1 Numerous studies suggest a hierarchical relationship between Area 3b and Area 1. Ablations of Area 3a and 3b leave Area 1 unresponsive, consistent with anatomy studies that show that Area 1 receives the bulk of its input from Area 3b. These findin ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... can be divided in a rostral part, related to spinal mechanisms, and a caudal part with oculomotor functions. To understand the role of FN during movements in space, single-unit activity in alert monkeys was recorded during passive three-dimensional head movements from rostral FN. Seated monkeys were ...
... can be divided in a rostral part, related to spinal mechanisms, and a caudal part with oculomotor functions. To understand the role of FN during movements in space, single-unit activity in alert monkeys was recorded during passive three-dimensional head movements from rostral FN. Seated monkeys were ...
Development - Publications Repository
... in the chick (Begbie and Graham, 2001). Thus, hindbrain extirpation prior to cranial neural crest cell emigration causes mispositioning of placodally-derived neurons. The emigration of cranial neural crest cells from the hindbrain follows its segmental organisation into morphologically distinct comp ...
... in the chick (Begbie and Graham, 2001). Thus, hindbrain extirpation prior to cranial neural crest cell emigration causes mispositioning of placodally-derived neurons. The emigration of cranial neural crest cells from the hindbrain follows its segmental organisation into morphologically distinct comp ...
Identification of Dopaminergic Neurons of Nigral and Ventral
... Introduction Cell replacement Parkinson’s disease (PD) is based on the idea that the grafted cells can replace the lost endogenous dopamine (DA) neurons. Previous studies have shown that this may be possible to achieve using fetal DA neuroblasts, provided that the grafted DA neurons can establish a ...
... Introduction Cell replacement Parkinson’s disease (PD) is based on the idea that the grafted cells can replace the lost endogenous dopamine (DA) neurons. Previous studies have shown that this may be possible to achieve using fetal DA neuroblasts, provided that the grafted DA neurons can establish a ...
Hindbrain catecholamine neurons mediate
... provide dense innervation of forebrain areas implicated in the elicitation of ingestive behaviors, but also innervate hindbrain sites involved in visceral and gustatory functions [8 –15]. Thus, the distribution of NE and E terminals is compatible with a role for these neurons in both the appetitive ...
... provide dense innervation of forebrain areas implicated in the elicitation of ingestive behaviors, but also innervate hindbrain sites involved in visceral and gustatory functions [8 –15]. Thus, the distribution of NE and E terminals is compatible with a role for these neurons in both the appetitive ...
Dr. Ghassan The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): After studying
... The long postganglionic neurons originating in the ganglion chain then travel outward and terminate on the effector tissues. This divergence of the preganglionic neuron results in coordinated sympathetic stimulation to tissues throughout the body. The concurrent stimulation of many organs and tissue ...
... The long postganglionic neurons originating in the ganglion chain then travel outward and terminate on the effector tissues. This divergence of the preganglionic neuron results in coordinated sympathetic stimulation to tissues throughout the body. The concurrent stimulation of many organs and tissue ...
SCENTS AND SENSIBILITY: A MOLECULAR LOGIC OF OLFACTORY PERCEPTION
... (14,15,16). If mice possess 20,000 genes, then as much as 5% of the genome, one in 20 genes encodes the odorant receptors. A large family of odorant receptors is observed not only in vertebrates but in the far simpler sensory systems of invertebrates. A somewhat smaller but highly diverse family of ...
... (14,15,16). If mice possess 20,000 genes, then as much as 5% of the genome, one in 20 genes encodes the odorant receptors. A large family of odorant receptors is observed not only in vertebrates but in the far simpler sensory systems of invertebrates. A somewhat smaller but highly diverse family of ...
Title
... pretend belief that some course of action (m) will achieve that goal. She inputs these pretend components into her (hypothesized use of a) decision-making mechanism, which outputs the pretend (target’s) decision to perform m. This process simulates the target’s decision-making process for the attrib ...
... pretend belief that some course of action (m) will achieve that goal. She inputs these pretend components into her (hypothesized use of a) decision-making mechanism, which outputs the pretend (target’s) decision to perform m. This process simulates the target’s decision-making process for the attrib ...
An Overview on the Physiologic Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous
... 9The sympathetic ganglia are adjacent to the spine and consist of the vertebral (sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia 9Long fibers run from these ganglia to effector organs, including the smooth muscle of blood vessels, viscera, lungs, scalp (piloerector muscles), and pupils; the heart; and g ...
... 9The sympathetic ganglia are adjacent to the spine and consist of the vertebral (sympathetic chain) and prevertebral ganglia 9Long fibers run from these ganglia to effector organs, including the smooth muscle of blood vessels, viscera, lungs, scalp (piloerector muscles), and pupils; the heart; and g ...
Morphological Studies of Wobbler Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
... degeneration results in the denervation of skeletal muscles and eventually to progressive paralysis leading to respiratory arrest. Since first being described by Charcot in 1896, ALS has been investigated intensively and many cellular defects found in animal models have been suggested to cause these ...
Habituation, sensitization and Pavlovian conditioning
... All behaviors can be coarsely classified into approach and avoidance where the animals choose to respond in a manner to maintain or terminate the impact of impinging stimuli. As classical ethologists of the last century astutely documented [17], approach-based behavior systems (e.g., foraging and ma ...
... All behaviors can be coarsely classified into approach and avoidance where the animals choose to respond in a manner to maintain or terminate the impact of impinging stimuli. As classical ethologists of the last century astutely documented [17], approach-based behavior systems (e.g., foraging and ma ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... 2) Bidirectional control of cellular activities is feasible in optogenetics. It is possible to simultaneously express cation channels and anion pumps that are sensitive to different wavelengths in one cell-type of interest. Thus, by exposing the cell to appropriate wavelengths, researchers can depol ...
... 2) Bidirectional control of cellular activities is feasible in optogenetics. It is possible to simultaneously express cation channels and anion pumps that are sensitive to different wavelengths in one cell-type of interest. Thus, by exposing the cell to appropriate wavelengths, researchers can depol ...
Development of the Nervous System
... Cranial nerves are associated with various cranial nerve nuclei, which lie in the floor of the fourth ventricle in the brainstem. Some of them are motor, some have a sensory function. The sensory nuclei are more lateral, and the motor nuclei are more medial. Development of the cortex There is a laye ...
... Cranial nerves are associated with various cranial nerve nuclei, which lie in the floor of the fourth ventricle in the brainstem. Some of them are motor, some have a sensory function. The sensory nuclei are more lateral, and the motor nuclei are more medial. Development of the cortex There is a laye ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... types, including cardiac pacemaker cells (DiFrancesco et al., 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of t ...
... types, including cardiac pacemaker cells (DiFrancesco et al., 1986), where it is termed If, as well as a rich diversity of brain neurons (Pape, 1996) and thalamic neurons (McCormick and Pape, 1990). While these different currents share a common profile of activation, causing a depolarizing “sag” of t ...
UNRAVELING THE SENSE OF SMELL
... different ORs, this combinatorial coding scheme could allow for the discrimination of an almost unlimited number of odorants. Even if each odorant were detected by only three ORs, this scheme could potentially generate almost one billion different odor codes. These studies also provided insight into ...
... different ORs, this combinatorial coding scheme could allow for the discrimination of an almost unlimited number of odorants. Even if each odorant were detected by only three ORs, this scheme could potentially generate almost one billion different odor codes. These studies also provided insight into ...
Age-related Increase in Astrocytes in the Visual Area V2 of the Cat
... Minor adjustments in the fine focus were made when necessary in order to make the images as legible as possible. However, as only the processes distributed laterally on the soma can be identified from a cross section, the process number counted in this study is a rough estimation. But the result sho ...
... Minor adjustments in the fine focus were made when necessary in order to make the images as legible as possible. However, as only the processes distributed laterally on the soma can be identified from a cross section, the process number counted in this study is a rough estimation. But the result sho ...
Parallel Evolution of Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Hand Use
... field does not appear to be present in any other New World monkey in which this region has been electrophysiologically explored [owl monkey (Merzenich et al., 1978), squirrel monkey (Sur et al., 1982), and titi monkey (Coq et al., 2004; Padberg et al., 2005)]. Despite the apparent independent emerge ...
... field does not appear to be present in any other New World monkey in which this region has been electrophysiologically explored [owl monkey (Merzenich et al., 1978), squirrel monkey (Sur et al., 1982), and titi monkey (Coq et al., 2004; Padberg et al., 2005)]. Despite the apparent independent emerge ...
Visual Properties of Neurons in a Polysensory Area in Superior
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
... Most STP units, 70% of the 199 tested, had little or no preference for stimulus size, shape, orientation, or contrast. These nonselective units would respond similarly to spots and slits of light, to shadows, to slides and photographs of complex objects, and to three-dimensional objects. Many of the ...
Basal ganglia discharge abnormalities in Parkinson`s disease
... cortical activities such as event-related modulation of beta-band oscillations, or functions such as motor planning or sequence learning. In support of this concept, 10-Hz stimulation of the STN area has been shown to exacerbate akinesia (Timmermann et al., 2004). It has been speculated that DBS may ...
... cortical activities such as event-related modulation of beta-band oscillations, or functions such as motor planning or sequence learning. In support of this concept, 10-Hz stimulation of the STN area has been shown to exacerbate akinesia (Timmermann et al., 2004). It has been speculated that DBS may ...