Why are brain pathways
... With respect to neurons: • Threshold (the magnitude of a stimulus sufficient to depolarize the sensory neuron) • Adequate Stimulus (the form of energy to which a particular sensory cell is most sensitive - light, touch, sound, etc.) • Law of specific nerve energies (depolarization of neurons in a p ...
... With respect to neurons: • Threshold (the magnitude of a stimulus sufficient to depolarize the sensory neuron) • Adequate Stimulus (the form of energy to which a particular sensory cell is most sensitive - light, touch, sound, etc.) • Law of specific nerve energies (depolarization of neurons in a p ...
A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of
... motion perception in the human visual system requires appreciation of not only which visual areas participate in motion processing, but also how their responses vary with visual characteristics of the stimulus. Much of our current knowledge of physiological responses underlying human motion percepti ...
... motion perception in the human visual system requires appreciation of not only which visual areas participate in motion processing, but also how their responses vary with visual characteristics of the stimulus. Much of our current knowledge of physiological responses underlying human motion percepti ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
Spinal nerves, cervical, lumbar and sacral plexus
... • Formed by ventral rami of first four cervical nerves (C1-C4) • Most are cutaneous nerves • Some innervate muscles of the anterior neck, posterior portion of head • Phrenic nerve – the most important nerve of the ...
... • Formed by ventral rami of first four cervical nerves (C1-C4) • Most are cutaneous nerves • Some innervate muscles of the anterior neck, posterior portion of head • Phrenic nerve – the most important nerve of the ...
associations
... j to neuron i. aj is the activation of a neuron j. •The activation of each neuron is produced by using a suitable threshold function and a threshold. For example we can assume that the activations are binary (i.e. either 0 or 1) and to achieve this we use the step CS 476: Networks of Neural Computat ...
... j to neuron i. aj is the activation of a neuron j. •The activation of each neuron is produced by using a suitable threshold function and a threshold. For example we can assume that the activations are binary (i.e. either 0 or 1) and to achieve this we use the step CS 476: Networks of Neural Computat ...
RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB)
... They also analyzed the mitral cells, which relay signals received from the glomerulus to the olfactory cortex. Mitral cells are normally connected to the glomerulus through a single primary dendrite, but after OSN axonal injury, only half of the mitral cells were found to maintain connections with O ...
... They also analyzed the mitral cells, which relay signals received from the glomerulus to the olfactory cortex. Mitral cells are normally connected to the glomerulus through a single primary dendrite, but after OSN axonal injury, only half of the mitral cells were found to maintain connections with O ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... R-283, images for nearly-adjacent fields were obtained sequentially until the whole IC was covered; for case R-1119 fields were more sparse but still evenly distributed over the IC slice. Each field was numbered and assigned approximate (x, y) coordinates according to a calibrated Cartesian space with ...
... R-283, images for nearly-adjacent fields were obtained sequentially until the whole IC was covered; for case R-1119 fields were more sparse but still evenly distributed over the IC slice. Each field was numbered and assigned approximate (x, y) coordinates according to a calibrated Cartesian space with ...
A neural theory of speech acquisition and production
... speech sound map must first be activated by the new speech sound along pathways from the auditory regions of superior temporal cortex (pathways not shown in Fig. 1). These pathways are generally omitted from current implementations of the DIVA model for simplicity, although they are necessary for a m ...
... speech sound map must first be activated by the new speech sound along pathways from the auditory regions of superior temporal cortex (pathways not shown in Fig. 1). These pathways are generally omitted from current implementations of the DIVA model for simplicity, although they are necessary for a m ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... called “target cell-specific synaptic plasticity.” This phenomenon indicates that Pr is regulated by communication from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic neuron, although the molecular basis for this is not known. It is also clear that there is still considerable variability in plasticity even wit ...
... called “target cell-specific synaptic plasticity.” This phenomenon indicates that Pr is regulated by communication from the postsynaptic to the presynaptic neuron, although the molecular basis for this is not known. It is also clear that there is still considerable variability in plasticity even wit ...
Phase precession and phase locking of hippocampal pyramidal cells
... higher than that of the theta rhythm. These frequencies are assumed to be modulated by running speed. Some interneurons fire due to the excitation from the phase-precessing P and thus also phase-precess. As a result, during the early cycles of phase precession, these interneurons are moved to a phas ...
... higher than that of the theta rhythm. These frequencies are assumed to be modulated by running speed. Some interneurons fire due to the excitation from the phase-precessing P and thus also phase-precess. As a result, during the early cycles of phase precession, these interneurons are moved to a phas ...
Functional Neuroanatomy for Posture and Gait Control
... cc This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly ...
... cc This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
Spatial and temporal correlation between neuron neuronopathic Gaucher disease
... (Mac2, A) or astrocytosis (GFAP, B). Pronounced and localized microglial activation and astrocytosis were evident in multiple brain regions, occurring at the same stage of disease progression and becoming more intense with increased age. In contrast, no staining was observed in control brains (B). S ...
... (Mac2, A) or astrocytosis (GFAP, B). Pronounced and localized microglial activation and astrocytosis were evident in multiple brain regions, occurring at the same stage of disease progression and becoming more intense with increased age. In contrast, no staining was observed in control brains (B). S ...
What and Where Information in the Caudate Tail Guides Saccades
... This work was supported by the intramural research program at the National Eye Institute. We thank E. S. Bromberg-Martin, S. Hong, H. Kim, and Y. Tachibana for valuable discussions, and A. Hays, J. W. McClurkin, B. Nagy, A. M. Nichols, D. Parker, T. W. Ruffner, M. K. Smith, G. Tansey, N. Phipps, C. ...
... This work was supported by the intramural research program at the National Eye Institute. We thank E. S. Bromberg-Martin, S. Hong, H. Kim, and Y. Tachibana for valuable discussions, and A. Hays, J. W. McClurkin, B. Nagy, A. M. Nichols, D. Parker, T. W. Ruffner, M. K. Smith, G. Tansey, N. Phipps, C. ...
String Art: Axon Tracts in the Spinal Cord Spinal reflex arcs
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
... Sensory axons* originate in proprioceptive organs such as muscle spindle or golgi tendon organ Cell bodies of 1o sensory neurons Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons ascend in cuneate fasciculus Axons synapse with 2o neurons in accessory cuneate nucleus. Axons from these 2o neurons pass through ...
Mechanisms of Neuronal Computation in Mammalian Visual Cortex
... they proposed that a simple cell becomes orientation selective by virtue of the excitation it receives from LGN relay cells whose receptive fields are aligned parallel to the simple cell’s preferred orientation (Figure 1A). The total excitatory input integrated over an oriented stimulus that moves a ...
... they proposed that a simple cell becomes orientation selective by virtue of the excitation it receives from LGN relay cells whose receptive fields are aligned parallel to the simple cell’s preferred orientation (Figure 1A). The total excitatory input integrated over an oriented stimulus that moves a ...
Matching tutor to student: rules and mechanisms for
... We considered a model for information transfer that is composed of three sub-circuits: a conductor, a student, and a tutor (see Fig. 1B). The conductor provides input to the student in the form of temporally precise patterns. The goal of learning is for the student to convert this input to a predefi ...
... We considered a model for information transfer that is composed of three sub-circuits: a conductor, a student, and a tutor (see Fig. 1B). The conductor provides input to the student in the form of temporally precise patterns. The goal of learning is for the student to convert this input to a predefi ...
the functional properties of the light
... neurons activated by visual stimuli were observed in the earliest studies of the inferior parietal lobule (Hyvarinen and Poranen, 1974; Lynch et al., 1973a; Mountcastle et al., 1975) and have since been studied by Goldberg and Robinson (1977, 1978), Robinson and Goldberg (1977a, b), Robinson et al. ...
... neurons activated by visual stimuli were observed in the earliest studies of the inferior parietal lobule (Hyvarinen and Poranen, 1974; Lynch et al., 1973a; Mountcastle et al., 1975) and have since been studied by Goldberg and Robinson (1977, 1978), Robinson and Goldberg (1977a, b), Robinson et al. ...
Suzuki and Eichenbaum, 2000
... temporal lobe, behavioral studies of memory in monkeys have most often used visual stimuli, whereas studies in rats have commonly used olfactory stimuli. The entorhinal cortex then provides the major cortical input to the hippocampal formation via a series of well-described serial and parallel proje ...
... temporal lobe, behavioral studies of memory in monkeys have most often used visual stimuli, whereas studies in rats have commonly used olfactory stimuli. The entorhinal cortex then provides the major cortical input to the hippocampal formation via a series of well-described serial and parallel proje ...
The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System
... University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. The autonomic nervous system carries the signals from the central nervous system to all organs and tissues of the body except skeletal muscle fibers. It is made up of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons linked together in functionally disti ...
... University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. The autonomic nervous system carries the signals from the central nervous system to all organs and tissues of the body except skeletal muscle fibers. It is made up of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons linked together in functionally disti ...
Action, time and the basal ganglia - Philosophical Transactions of
... action timing. Before attempting to answer this question, however, it helps to define action timing more explicitly. ...
... action timing. Before attempting to answer this question, however, it helps to define action timing more explicitly. ...
Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence
... voluntary and stimulus-driven contributions to attentional priority. A rapid ‘on-response’ is observed when a stimulus is flashed within the RF of an LIP neuron; this response reflects the stimulus-driven capture of attention by a salient onset stimulus and not just the luminance change within the n ...
... voluntary and stimulus-driven contributions to attentional priority. A rapid ‘on-response’ is observed when a stimulus is flashed within the RF of an LIP neuron; this response reflects the stimulus-driven capture of attention by a salient onset stimulus and not just the luminance change within the n ...
ASL: Hierarchy, Composition, Heterogeneity, and Multi
... • Encapsulation: Schemas specify the basic means for program encapsulation in ASL. • Reusability: Schemas provide the basis for component reusability. • Task Delegation: Schema tasks may choose their implementation in a dynamic way. • Distributed: Schemas can be distributed over a network of process ...
... • Encapsulation: Schemas specify the basic means for program encapsulation in ASL. • Reusability: Schemas provide the basis for component reusability. • Task Delegation: Schema tasks may choose their implementation in a dynamic way. • Distributed: Schemas can be distributed over a network of process ...
Beyond the classical receptive field: The effect of contextual stimuli
... short- and long-range neural connections among neurons responding to different regions within the retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range interactions; for long-range interactions, more powerful mechanisms are needed. Accordingly, the hitherto es ...
... short- and long-range neural connections among neurons responding to different regions within the retinotopic map. Evidently, the classical center-surround RF can only accommodate short-range interactions; for long-range interactions, more powerful mechanisms are needed. Accordingly, the hitherto es ...