The Spinal Nerve
... The Three Meningeal Layers (Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) The Dura Mater Tough and fibrous Cranially fuses with periosteum of occipital bone Is continuous with cranial dura mater Caudally tapers to dense cord of collagen fibers and joins filum terminale in coccygeal ligament The Epidural Space B ...
... The Three Meningeal Layers (Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) The Dura Mater Tough and fibrous Cranially fuses with periosteum of occipital bone Is continuous with cranial dura mater Caudally tapers to dense cord of collagen fibers and joins filum terminale in coccygeal ligament The Epidural Space B ...
- Wiley Online Library
... human, certain structural, molecular, and behavioral abnormalities found in these human disorders can be assessed in animals species commonly used for preclinical research. It will be recalled that the etiologies of disorders like schizophrenia, autism, or cerebral palsy are multifactorial, likely i ...
... human, certain structural, molecular, and behavioral abnormalities found in these human disorders can be assessed in animals species commonly used for preclinical research. It will be recalled that the etiologies of disorders like schizophrenia, autism, or cerebral palsy are multifactorial, likely i ...
Chapter 7
... Brace neurons Form barrier between capillaries and neurons Control the chemical environment of the brain ...
... Brace neurons Form barrier between capillaries and neurons Control the chemical environment of the brain ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... spinal cord!) o Periosteal layer (next to bone) Note this is not continuous in the spinal cord creating a ‘real space’ the epidural space, which is filled with fat. This is the site of injection of an epidural, that is usually administered in the lumbar region below the level L1/L2or the termination ...
... spinal cord!) o Periosteal layer (next to bone) Note this is not continuous in the spinal cord creating a ‘real space’ the epidural space, which is filled with fat. This is the site of injection of an epidural, that is usually administered in the lumbar region below the level L1/L2or the termination ...
CNS Distribution of Members of the Two-Pore
... presented in Table 1. Note that the scoring system and descriptions of the results are based on a comparison of the relative signal intensities not only between different brain regions but also between the various probes. However, it should be understood that the ability to compare levels of differe ...
... presented in Table 1. Note that the scoring system and descriptions of the results are based on a comparison of the relative signal intensities not only between different brain regions but also between the various probes. However, it should be understood that the ability to compare levels of differe ...
Cross-modal Circuitry Between Auditory and
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
... or integration are comparatively rare. Furthermore, when neurons receiving auditory and somatosensory inputs have been reported, they showed the lowest incidence among the different patterns of multisensory convergence (Meredith and Stein, 1986; Wallace et al., 1992, 1993; Jiang et al., 1994a,b). Al ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... and medullary reticular formation, dorsal and ventral reticular nuclei of the caudal medulla, nucleus retroambiguus, nucleus ambiguus, facial nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus and solitary tract nucleus [18,34]. Fig. 1 shows the anatomical distribution of neurons in the squirrel monkey, changing th ...
... and medullary reticular formation, dorsal and ventral reticular nuclei of the caudal medulla, nucleus retroambiguus, nucleus ambiguus, facial nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus and solitary tract nucleus [18,34]. Fig. 1 shows the anatomical distribution of neurons in the squirrel monkey, changing th ...
Search Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School The
... astroglia play a significant role in epilepsy (26, 27, 28). This theory allows for synchronous neuronal firing involving the domains of many astrocytes acting as a syncytium. A calcium wave produced by millions of astrocytes acting as a syncytium would, at the wave's termination, be expected to resu ...
... astroglia play a significant role in epilepsy (26, 27, 28). This theory allows for synchronous neuronal firing involving the domains of many astrocytes acting as a syncytium. A calcium wave produced by millions of astrocytes acting as a syncytium would, at the wave's termination, be expected to resu ...
Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex Jody C
... Even a cursory review of the parietal neuroimaging literature to date suggests that perhaps the appropriate question to ask is not ‘what activates parietal cortex?’, but rather ‘what does not activate parietal cortex?’. For example, in the case of visual attention, it is enlightening to find not onl ...
... Even a cursory review of the parietal neuroimaging literature to date suggests that perhaps the appropriate question to ask is not ‘what activates parietal cortex?’, but rather ‘what does not activate parietal cortex?’. For example, in the case of visual attention, it is enlightening to find not onl ...
Resting-state Functional mR imaging
... that data cannot be analyzed by using a model of expected task-related brain activation and require alternative methods for analysis. Various techniques exist to determine functional brain connectivity maps; here we discuss two popular methods (Fig 2): Seed-based correlation analysis (10,24) require ...
... that data cannot be analyzed by using a model of expected task-related brain activation and require alternative methods for analysis. Various techniques exist to determine functional brain connectivity maps; here we discuss two popular methods (Fig 2): Seed-based correlation analysis (10,24) require ...
Motor planning under unpredictable reward: modulations of
... The primate fronto-striatal system, which plays an important role in temporal coordination of goal-directed behavior, consists of a network of neuronal circuits that integrate spatial and timing information for behavioral purpose (Alexander and Crutcher 1990; Hoshi and Tanji, 2000; Staddon 2001; Mil ...
... The primate fronto-striatal system, which plays an important role in temporal coordination of goal-directed behavior, consists of a network of neuronal circuits that integrate spatial and timing information for behavioral purpose (Alexander and Crutcher 1990; Hoshi and Tanji, 2000; Staddon 2001; Mil ...
Glutamate Receptors
... leg of the CSTC loop (see Figures 7-16 to 7-21), namely from thalamus to cortex, and provides not only feedback to the original pyramidal cell "cortical engine" from information processing that occurs in the CSTC loop (see number 3 in Figure 9-41A), but also input diffusely throughout the cortex to ...
... leg of the CSTC loop (see Figures 7-16 to 7-21), namely from thalamus to cortex, and provides not only feedback to the original pyramidal cell "cortical engine" from information processing that occurs in the CSTC loop (see number 3 in Figure 9-41A), but also input diffusely throughout the cortex to ...
PDF
... adjust for time differences due to multi-slice imaging acquisition. To correct for between-scan movements, the functional images were realigned to the first image of the session and again realigned to the mean image created after the first realignment. The individual anatomical T1 image was then co-reg ...
... adjust for time differences due to multi-slice imaging acquisition. To correct for between-scan movements, the functional images were realigned to the first image of the session and again realigned to the mean image created after the first realignment. The individual anatomical T1 image was then co-reg ...
A perceptual representation in the frontal eye field during covert
... Behavioral training and task Visual stimulus presentation and behavioral monitoring were computer controlled (Thompson et al., 2005b). The monkeys were acclimatized to head restraint and trained in the behavioral tasks using operant conditioning with positive reinforcement. The monkeys performed a m ...
... Behavioral training and task Visual stimulus presentation and behavioral monitoring were computer controlled (Thompson et al., 2005b). The monkeys were acclimatized to head restraint and trained in the behavioral tasks using operant conditioning with positive reinforcement. The monkeys performed a m ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... Spinal cord coronal sections 200 μm apart or longitudinal sections 210 μm apart were used in each immunostaining (Hou et al., 2013). Mounted spinal coronal sections or free-floating longitudinal tissue sections were incubated with primary antibodies diluted in blocking solution (Tris-buffered saline, ...
... Spinal cord coronal sections 200 μm apart or longitudinal sections 210 μm apart were used in each immunostaining (Hou et al., 2013). Mounted spinal coronal sections or free-floating longitudinal tissue sections were incubated with primary antibodies diluted in blocking solution (Tris-buffered saline, ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... 3.4.2 EMG activity during execution and observation ................................................... 92 3.4.3 Types of mirror PTN .............................................................................................. 92 3.4.4 Population activity during observation and execution ......... ...
... 3.4.2 EMG activity during execution and observation ................................................... 92 3.4.3 Types of mirror PTN .............................................................................................. 92 3.4.4 Population activity during observation and execution ......... ...
Insights into Rapid Modulation of Neuroplasticity by Brain Estrogens
... By use of this body of literature, we will attempt to establish a model by which estrogenic modulation of neuroplasticity may be used in a physiologic context. We further argue that one way in which estrogens can modulate cognitive function is through (micro) rewiring (Chklovskii et al., 2004; DeBel ...
... By use of this body of literature, we will attempt to establish a model by which estrogenic modulation of neuroplasticity may be used in a physiologic context. We further argue that one way in which estrogens can modulate cognitive function is through (micro) rewiring (Chklovskii et al., 2004; DeBel ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
... 2002; Jessen et al., 2002). However, since other components of the PCP pathway do not affect facial motor neuron migration, the mechanism by which tri/stb mediates migration remains uncertain. It is also unclear how the disruption of Hox patterning affects this process on a cellular level. Similarly ...
Dynamic shaping of dopamine signals during probabilistic
... below the lever. We calculated approach probability as the number of cue approach trials divided by the total number of trials. We used this method to score approaches rather than lever presses because we found that rats often made lever contacts that did not register as lever pressing. Rats would b ...
... below the lever. We calculated approach probability as the number of cue approach trials divided by the total number of trials. We used this method to score approaches rather than lever presses because we found that rats often made lever contacts that did not register as lever pressing. Rats would b ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... inputs and outputs [24, 25]. Despite these anatomical distinctions, clear evidence for functional differences between these two subregions has been more elusive. In one nonhuman primate study, Mitchell and colleagues [26] reported an increase in metabolic activity in the dorsolateral STN during expe ...
... inputs and outputs [24, 25]. Despite these anatomical distinctions, clear evidence for functional differences between these two subregions has been more elusive. In one nonhuman primate study, Mitchell and colleagues [26] reported an increase in metabolic activity in the dorsolateral STN during expe ...
The W cell pathway to cat primary visual cortex
... total of 231 synaptic boutons from layers 1, 2/3, and 5 (95 from layer 1, 69 from layer 2/3, and 67 from layer 5) in two cats. Almost half (118 boutons) were sectioned serially and completely reconstructed. The remainder (113) were less complete, often single sections, but more if it was necessary t ...
... total of 231 synaptic boutons from layers 1, 2/3, and 5 (95 from layer 1, 69 from layer 2/3, and 67 from layer 5) in two cats. Almost half (118 boutons) were sectioned serially and completely reconstructed. The remainder (113) were less complete, often single sections, but more if it was necessary t ...
Neuropeptidergic Organization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in
... [48]. In addition, VP fibers are typically abundant in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions of the SCN in other mammals [77,81]. VP neurons are considered to represent the main efferent system of the SCN [10,18] and, for example, send a dense projection to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuc ...
... [48]. In addition, VP fibers are typically abundant in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral regions of the SCN in other mammals [77,81]. VP neurons are considered to represent the main efferent system of the SCN [10,18] and, for example, send a dense projection to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuc ...
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
... glutamate as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter of mammalian brain (reviewed by Mangia et al., 2012). Notably, glutamate is a central compound in amino acid metabolism in virtually all organisms, even those that lack a nervous system and even in unicellular organisms. In multicellular organis ...
... glutamate as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter of mammalian brain (reviewed by Mangia et al., 2012). Notably, glutamate is a central compound in amino acid metabolism in virtually all organisms, even those that lack a nervous system and even in unicellular organisms. In multicellular organis ...