Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... ignore the influence of changes in synaptic strength during the storage process and apply the effect of these changes only during a socalled recall-phase. Efforts to ensure stable activity with more realistic, continuous updating of the synaptic strength during the storage process have shown that the m ...
... ignore the influence of changes in synaptic strength during the storage process and apply the effect of these changes only during a socalled recall-phase. Efforts to ensure stable activity with more realistic, continuous updating of the synaptic strength during the storage process have shown that the m ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... in the Antennal Lobe We have developed a preparation that permits the detection of odor-evoked changes in fluorescent intensity in the Drosophila antennal lobe by two-photon microscopy. The sensitivity of this imaging approach was initially examined by expressing G-CaMP (Nakai et al., 2001) in olfac ...
... in the Antennal Lobe We have developed a preparation that permits the detection of odor-evoked changes in fluorescent intensity in the Drosophila antennal lobe by two-photon microscopy. The sensitivity of this imaging approach was initially examined by expressing G-CaMP (Nakai et al., 2001) in olfac ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Sin ...
... functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Sin ...
Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
... BOX 18B HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE 411 BOX 18C DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 412 BOX 18D BASAL GANGLIA LOOPS AND NON-MOTOR ...
... BOX 18B HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE 411 BOX 18C DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 412 BOX 18D BASAL GANGLIA LOOPS AND NON-MOTOR ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... Figure 1. Working hypothesis and experimental design. Scheme of signals and neuronal stations involved in this study. Afferent signals that compose the working hypothesis for this study are (solid arcs) consist of Whisking signals (signals that contain information on whisker movement regardless of ...
... Figure 1. Working hypothesis and experimental design. Scheme of signals and neuronal stations involved in this study. Afferent signals that compose the working hypothesis for this study are (solid arcs) consist of Whisking signals (signals that contain information on whisker movement regardless of ...
Vestibular Function and Anatomy April 2004
... The otolithic organs are the utricle and saccule which are sensitive to linear acceleration. The saccule lies in the spherical recess on the medial wall of the vestibule. It is oriented in the vertical plane. The utricle lies in the elliptical recess on the medial wall of the vestibule and is orient ...
... The otolithic organs are the utricle and saccule which are sensitive to linear acceleration. The saccule lies in the spherical recess on the medial wall of the vestibule. It is oriented in the vertical plane. The utricle lies in the elliptical recess on the medial wall of the vestibule and is orient ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
... the trial, a drop of juice was given as a reward. If their gaze deviated from the window during a trial, the trial was aborted. The behavioral ...
... the trial, a drop of juice was given as a reward. If their gaze deviated from the window during a trial, the trial was aborted. The behavioral ...
The Nervous System
... - nerve fibers in nerves; bundles called fascicles - nerve fibers inside the brain and spinal cord; bundles called tracts - bundles of nerve fibers linking the two halves of the brain called commissures ...
... - nerve fibers in nerves; bundles called fascicles - nerve fibers inside the brain and spinal cord; bundles called tracts - bundles of nerve fibers linking the two halves of the brain called commissures ...
Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
... acts as a second messenger to open cation channels, increasing the permeability to Na+, K-, and Ca2+. The net effect is an inward-directed Ca2+ current which produces the graded receptor potential. Odor detection threshold Odor-producing molecules (odorants) are generally small, containing from 3 to ...
... acts as a second messenger to open cation channels, increasing the permeability to Na+, K-, and Ca2+. The net effect is an inward-directed Ca2+ current which produces the graded receptor potential. Odor detection threshold Odor-producing molecules (odorants) are generally small, containing from 3 to ...
Hypothalamus and Limbic System
... operating in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is sensitive both to hypothalamic and peripheral temperature, and it mediates changes in autonomic, endocrine and behavioral responses in order to maintain homeostasis. Feeding behavior is a less good example of a servo-control system, in part because ...
... operating in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is sensitive both to hypothalamic and peripheral temperature, and it mediates changes in autonomic, endocrine and behavioral responses in order to maintain homeostasis. Feeding behavior is a less good example of a servo-control system, in part because ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with receptive fields similar to retina in size and respo ...
... axons segregate as they enter the LGN by eye and functional group,1 often forming layers, and (3) retinal axons terminate in discrete, orderly clusters forming the basis for a topographic (‘retinotopic’) map of the contralateral visual field (with receptive fields similar to retina in size and respo ...
- Neuro-Optometric Rehabilitation Association
... All sensory systems have receptive fields, many of which overlap. The more nerve endings, the more the sensory overlap. The visual system is most notable for sensory receptivity and overlap because each retina has more than 100 million receptor cells in a relatively small area. The size is such that ...
... All sensory systems have receptive fields, many of which overlap. The more nerve endings, the more the sensory overlap. The visual system is most notable for sensory receptivity and overlap because each retina has more than 100 million receptor cells in a relatively small area. The size is such that ...
Visual system
... words in this syllabus, are brought to you by your visual system. Photons of light entering the eye convey information about the world to the brain by means of the neurons in the visual pathways, starting at the eye. It is often useful to compare the eye to another visual device, the camera. We can ...
... words in this syllabus, are brought to you by your visual system. Photons of light entering the eye convey information about the world to the brain by means of the neurons in the visual pathways, starting at the eye. It is often useful to compare the eye to another visual device, the camera. We can ...
Zwicker Tone Illusion and Noise Reduction in the Auditory System
... during sound presentation noise-detection neurons react against the noise, except where they are inhibited by the pure tone. In the tone’s tonotopic neighborhood hole burning arises because the pure tone excites featuredetector neurons, which inhibit the noise detectors. Hence, the latter are not ac ...
... during sound presentation noise-detection neurons react against the noise, except where they are inhibited by the pure tone. In the tone’s tonotopic neighborhood hole burning arises because the pure tone excites featuredetector neurons, which inhibit the noise detectors. Hence, the latter are not ac ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... information intervenes during processes of movement preparation or planning, but not during those of movement execution. The use of the preparatory paradigm makes it thus possible, first, to dissociate in time movement planning from its execution and, second, to study selectively preparatory process ...
... information intervenes during processes of movement preparation or planning, but not during those of movement execution. The use of the preparatory paradigm makes it thus possible, first, to dissociate in time movement planning from its execution and, second, to study selectively preparatory process ...
Tsutsui (2004) Neural mechanisms of three
... with retinotopic organization, and were tuned to a specific disparity (‘near’, ‘far’, or ‘zero’ disparity). The response of most disparity sensitive neurons in V1 was found to alter when the absolute disparity was changed, leaving the relative disparity constant (Cumming and Parker, 1999). We found ...
... with retinotopic organization, and were tuned to a specific disparity (‘near’, ‘far’, or ‘zero’ disparity). The response of most disparity sensitive neurons in V1 was found to alter when the absolute disparity was changed, leaving the relative disparity constant (Cumming and Parker, 1999). We found ...
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion
... of this reconstruction stage assigns depth values across the surface through the use of motion gradient information. This 3-D surface computation may operate within MT, or may utilize the cells in MST which have been previously shown to be selective to various gradients and patterns of motion26–30. ...
... of this reconstruction stage assigns depth values across the surface through the use of motion gradient information. This 3-D surface computation may operate within MT, or may utilize the cells in MST which have been previously shown to be selective to various gradients and patterns of motion26–30. ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... 0022-3077/10 Copyright © 2010 The American Physiological Society ...
... 0022-3077/10 Copyright © 2010 The American Physiological Society ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
Stereologic analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the
... Moreover, all of the thalamic nuclei that have been implicated in schizophrenia are reciprocally connected with higher association cortices; therefore, it is not clear whether thalamic neuronal deficits in schizophrenia extend to sensory thalamic nuclei, such as the LGN. The present study was undert ...
... Moreover, all of the thalamic nuclei that have been implicated in schizophrenia are reciprocally connected with higher association cortices; therefore, it is not clear whether thalamic neuronal deficits in schizophrenia extend to sensory thalamic nuclei, such as the LGN. The present study was undert ...
Computational models of reinforcement learning
... paused at the precise time when the reward should have been delivered (Ljungberg et al. 1992; Roesch et al. 2007; Satoh et al. 2003). This activity pattern suggests that DA neurons signal a ‘reward prediction error’. After learning therefore, DA neurons do not respond to the reward itself, but the d ...
... paused at the precise time when the reward should have been delivered (Ljungberg et al. 1992; Roesch et al. 2007; Satoh et al. 2003). This activity pattern suggests that DA neurons signal a ‘reward prediction error’. After learning therefore, DA neurons do not respond to the reward itself, but the d ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... same cell pairs; see below.) For 51% of these cell pairs (22 of 43) there were no detectable connections between cells in either the inhibitory-toexcitatory or the excitatory-to-inhibitory direction. Most of the connections that were present in the remaining 21 cell pairs were inhibitory. In particu ...
... same cell pairs; see below.) For 51% of these cell pairs (22 of 43) there were no detectable connections between cells in either the inhibitory-toexcitatory or the excitatory-to-inhibitory direction. Most of the connections that were present in the remaining 21 cell pairs were inhibitory. In particu ...
Changes in the connections of the main olfactory bulb after mitral
... AON was clearly higher than in the control animals (Table I, Figs. 2D, 3A). Likewise, the density of positive cells was higher in all subdivisions of the PCD ipsilateral AON (Table II, Fig. 3B). In contrast to the observations in the control animals, labeled neurons were seen in all the ipsilateral ...
... AON was clearly higher than in the control animals (Table I, Figs. 2D, 3A). Likewise, the density of positive cells was higher in all subdivisions of the PCD ipsilateral AON (Table II, Fig. 3B). In contrast to the observations in the control animals, labeled neurons were seen in all the ipsilateral ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.