Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... in vitro electrophysiological data17,21–24, we built a recurrent network model for the superior colliculus burst cells, and we tested the hypothesis that these burst cells are suitable for reading out threshold crossing in upstream neurons. Furthermore, the superior colliculus is known to be under t ...
... in vitro electrophysiological data17,21–24, we built a recurrent network model for the superior colliculus burst cells, and we tested the hypothesis that these burst cells are suitable for reading out threshold crossing in upstream neurons. Furthermore, the superior colliculus is known to be under t ...
The Motor Cortex and Descending Control of Movement
... intra-cortical microstimulation) or humans (via transcranial magnetic stimulation – TMS) does not typically evoke ipsilateral muscle responses. Although TMS at maximal intensity can sometimes elicit longer latency ipsilateral muscle responses, these are likely to be mediated by the brainstem descend ...
... intra-cortical microstimulation) or humans (via transcranial magnetic stimulation – TMS) does not typically evoke ipsilateral muscle responses. Although TMS at maximal intensity can sometimes elicit longer latency ipsilateral muscle responses, these are likely to be mediated by the brainstem descend ...
angol tézisfüzet0531
... Involvement of the brainstem noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups in the NPYimmunoreactive innervation of CRH neurons NPY-, DBH- and PNMT-IR axons densely innervated the parvocellular subdivisions of the PVN. However, the distribution of the three fiber networks showed regional differences. NPY- ...
... Involvement of the brainstem noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups in the NPYimmunoreactive innervation of CRH neurons NPY-, DBH- and PNMT-IR axons densely innervated the parvocellular subdivisions of the PVN. However, the distribution of the three fiber networks showed regional differences. NPY- ...
Susceptibility to a neurotropic virus and its changing distribution in
... The birth dates of litters were carefully noted and recorded as postnatal day 0 (P0). Litters were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) with SFV A7(74) at P5, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15 and P25. All mice were given 500 plaque forming units (PFU) of virus. One or more litters were inoculated at ea ...
... The birth dates of litters were carefully noted and recorded as postnatal day 0 (P0). Litters were inoculated intraperitoneally (ip) with SFV A7(74) at P5, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P14, P15 and P25. All mice were given 500 plaque forming units (PFU) of virus. One or more litters were inoculated at ea ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... firing rate of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons from intact rats. These results strongly suggest that changes in electrophysiological responses observed in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons is caused by degeneration of GABAergic afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata followin ...
... firing rate of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons from intact rats. These results strongly suggest that changes in electrophysiological responses observed in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons is caused by degeneration of GABAergic afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata followin ...
Coding in the Granular Layer of the Cerebellum
... fiber pathways, with delays of the respective peak responses which are similar to those observed in the field potential recordings. The large receptive fields observed in Golgi cell recordings are probably due to the activation of each Golgi cell by parallel fibers originating from patches with diff ...
... fiber pathways, with delays of the respective peak responses which are similar to those observed in the field potential recordings. The large receptive fields observed in Golgi cell recordings are probably due to the activation of each Golgi cell by parallel fibers originating from patches with diff ...
Time constants
... To determine how a cell actually responds to stimuli, we must combine the somatic, dendritic, and receptor time constants. The question we are trying to answer is: how temporally separated do two synaptic inputs have to be for the cell to respond to them independently? This difficult problem—directl ...
... To determine how a cell actually responds to stimuli, we must combine the somatic, dendritic, and receptor time constants. The question we are trying to answer is: how temporally separated do two synaptic inputs have to be for the cell to respond to them independently? This difficult problem—directl ...
Decoding Motor Commands in Cortico-Basal Ganglia Circuits for the
... outer membrane of a neuron is about 70 mV, known as the neuron’s resting potential. When a signal is received from another neuron, the cell membrane changes its potential to a lower or higher value, depending on whether the synapse is so-called inhibitory or excitatory [Purves et al.]. In Figure 3.2 ...
... outer membrane of a neuron is about 70 mV, known as the neuron’s resting potential. When a signal is received from another neuron, the cell membrane changes its potential to a lower or higher value, depending on whether the synapse is so-called inhibitory or excitatory [Purves et al.]. In Figure 3.2 ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... complexes localize to areas of high tactile acuity, including fingerpads, whisker follicles, and touch domes surrounding guard (or tylotrich) hair follicles (Figure 2C). In bat wings, Merkel cells were likewise associated with hair follicles and innervated by NFH-positive neurons (Figure 2D). The ba ...
... complexes localize to areas of high tactile acuity, including fingerpads, whisker follicles, and touch domes surrounding guard (or tylotrich) hair follicles (Figure 2C). In bat wings, Merkel cells were likewise associated with hair follicles and innervated by NFH-positive neurons (Figure 2D). The ba ...
PDF
... Graziano MSA, Hu XT, Gross CG: Coding the locations of objects in the dark. Science 1997, 277:239-241. i subset of bimodal neurons in ventral premotor cortex responded to an object placed in their visual receptive field and continued to respond even after the lights were turned out and the object wa ...
... Graziano MSA, Hu XT, Gross CG: Coding the locations of objects in the dark. Science 1997, 277:239-241. i subset of bimodal neurons in ventral premotor cortex responded to an object placed in their visual receptive field and continued to respond even after the lights were turned out and the object wa ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... characterized and modeled over the last 25 years. More recently, the genes encoding the voltage-dependent K ⫹ channels in this system have been cloned, and protocols for studying these molecular entities in individual identified pyloric neurons have been established (for review, see Baro and Harris- ...
... characterized and modeled over the last 25 years. More recently, the genes encoding the voltage-dependent K ⫹ channels in this system have been cloned, and protocols for studying these molecular entities in individual identified pyloric neurons have been established (for review, see Baro and Harris- ...
PDF
... IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that described previously for mouse brain [20]. The Iba1 (a calcium-binding protein) antiserum has been previously characterized i ...
... IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that described previously for mouse brain [20]. The Iba1 (a calcium-binding protein) antiserum has been previously characterized i ...
Impact of acute inflammation on spinal motoneuron synaptic
... IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that described previously for mouse brain [20]. The Iba1 (a calcium-binding protein) antiserum has been previously characterized i ...
... IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that described previously for mouse brain [20]. The Iba1 (a calcium-binding protein) antiserum has been previously characterized i ...
Wirth et al., 2009, Neuron
... animals could make a bar release response either during the presentation of an orange circle presented for 500 ms (early response) or during the 500 ms presentation of a green circle shown immediately after the orange circle (late response). If the response was correct, a ‘‘positive’’ auditory feedb ...
... animals could make a bar release response either during the presentation of an orange circle presented for 500 ms (early response) or during the 500 ms presentation of a green circle shown immediately after the orange circle (late response). If the response was correct, a ‘‘positive’’ auditory feedb ...
November 29
... Dreams are associations and memories elicited by pontine neurons via thalamus The cortex tries to synthesize this random activity into something meaningful. REM sleep aids integration and consolidation of memories. ...
... Dreams are associations and memories elicited by pontine neurons via thalamus The cortex tries to synthesize this random activity into something meaningful. REM sleep aids integration and consolidation of memories. ...
Slide 1
... melanopsin mRNA (74.2 ± 0.3%); similar amount of double-labeling in both eyes. Most RGCs that express melanopsin mRNA were FG-labeled (~ 70%) ...
... melanopsin mRNA (74.2 ± 0.3%); similar amount of double-labeling in both eyes. Most RGCs that express melanopsin mRNA were FG-labeled (~ 70%) ...
PAX: A mixed hardware/software simulation platform for
... computing the neurons‟ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computation. Other popular m ...
... computing the neurons‟ asynchronous spikes. Neuron models can precisely describe the biophysics of spikes (action potentials) by computing the currents flowing through cell membrane and synaptic nodes. It is possible to reduce the size of these models to facilitate their computation. Other popular m ...
Nogo Receptor mRNA Expression in Intact and Regenerating CNS
... cells. A 66-residue putative extracellular domain sequence (Nogo-66), common to all three forms, inhibits axonal extension and induces the collapse of growth cones. It is now clear, however, that several other transcripts containing the Nogo-66 sequence are formed from the same gene (see Table 1 and ...
... cells. A 66-residue putative extracellular domain sequence (Nogo-66), common to all three forms, inhibits axonal extension and induces the collapse of growth cones. It is now clear, however, that several other transcripts containing the Nogo-66 sequence are formed from the same gene (see Table 1 and ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... establishment of complicated networks among different types of neurons. Mapping this cellular organization is important in understanding the molecular basis of specific brain functions, such as learning and memory. A variety of techniques have been developed to resolve the neuronal networking at the ...
... establishment of complicated networks among different types of neurons. Mapping this cellular organization is important in understanding the molecular basis of specific brain functions, such as learning and memory. A variety of techniques have been developed to resolve the neuronal networking at the ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... scanning 10 µm of the total section thickness using a z-step size of 1 µm. To image anterogradely labeled transcallosal axons and transcallosal projections, confocal image stacks were acquired using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope with a 20× objective, zoom 1× and 1024 × 1024 resolution and a z-step ...
... scanning 10 µm of the total section thickness using a z-step size of 1 µm. To image anterogradely labeled transcallosal axons and transcallosal projections, confocal image stacks were acquired using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope with a 20× objective, zoom 1× and 1024 × 1024 resolution and a z-step ...
ARTICLE IN PRESS
... sequences of events from our recent or remote past that play out in our minds as if we were reliving the experience. For example, I can remember going into the kitchen this morning to prepare my breakfast, and sitting in the dining room eating it. I remember individual movements involved in getting ...
... sequences of events from our recent or remote past that play out in our minds as if we were reliving the experience. For example, I can remember going into the kitchen this morning to prepare my breakfast, and sitting in the dining room eating it. I remember individual movements involved in getting ...
Extra-Classical Tuning Predicts Stimulus
... Simulation experiments further demonstrate that stimulus-dependent receptive fields can arise from extra-classical tuning with a static spike threshold nonlinearity. These findings demonstrate that a common neuronal nonlinearity can account for the stimulus dependence of receptive fields estimated f ...
... Simulation experiments further demonstrate that stimulus-dependent receptive fields can arise from extra-classical tuning with a static spike threshold nonlinearity. These findings demonstrate that a common neuronal nonlinearity can account for the stimulus dependence of receptive fields estimated f ...
Anatomical and Neurochemical Definition of the Nucleus of the Stria
... Subjects The experiments described in this paper were carried out on adult male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that were obtained from local breeders in Belgium (Dujardin Farms, Liernu) or Italy (Morini, Modena). Throughout their life, they received water and food ad libitum and were ...
... Subjects The experiments described in this paper were carried out on adult male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that were obtained from local breeders in Belgium (Dujardin Farms, Liernu) or Italy (Morini, Modena). Throughout their life, they received water and food ad libitum and were ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.