Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals for the system controlling binocular v ...
... level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals for the system controlling binocular v ...
adult rat spinal cord culture on an organosilane surface in
... No staining for a-FGF was observed for nonneuronal cells (Eckenstein et al., 1994). We believe that a-FGF leaking from an injured motoneuron may be involved in initiating repair responses in the motoneuron in an autocrine manner, as previously proposed by Eckenstein et al. (1994). Motoneuron surviva ...
... No staining for a-FGF was observed for nonneuronal cells (Eckenstein et al., 1994). We believe that a-FGF leaking from an injured motoneuron may be involved in initiating repair responses in the motoneuron in an autocrine manner, as previously proposed by Eckenstein et al. (1994). Motoneuron surviva ...
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with reduced expression of energy metabolism genes
... precede downstream development of AD pathologies including amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation. Metabolic alterations in the PCC have also been implicated in maintaining the brain’s ‘‘default’’ state when it is not engaged in the performance of specific tasks (46) or episodic memory ...
... precede downstream development of AD pathologies including amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation. Metabolic alterations in the PCC have also been implicated in maintaining the brain’s ‘‘default’’ state when it is not engaged in the performance of specific tasks (46) or episodic memory ...
Dissecting and Staining Drosophila Optic Lobes
... Yamaguchi et al. 2008). Therefore, the fly color vision system likely relies on comparing the inputs of R7 and R8 in the medulla neuropil. To understand how color vision is processed, we have described the target neurons of R7 and R8 in the medulla (Morante and Desplan 2008) in a study that builds o ...
... Yamaguchi et al. 2008). Therefore, the fly color vision system likely relies on comparing the inputs of R7 and R8 in the medulla neuropil. To understand how color vision is processed, we have described the target neurons of R7 and R8 in the medulla (Morante and Desplan 2008) in a study that builds o ...
PDF - Center for Neural Science
... Indeed, quantitative circuit modeling has shown that this problem of instability poses a serious challenge. However, in the same year that Milner’s words were written, it was realized that cortical circuits with multiple attractor states are dynamically stable if the recurrent excitation is slow com ...
... Indeed, quantitative circuit modeling has shown that this problem of instability poses a serious challenge. However, in the same year that Milner’s words were written, it was realized that cortical circuits with multiple attractor states are dynamically stable if the recurrent excitation is slow com ...
Evolution of Patterning Systems and Circuit Elements for Locomotion
... The formation of bilaterian nervous systems is initiated through neural induction, a process where the neural plate is specified within a restricted region of ectoderm. In most species, neural induction involves bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling along the DV axis (De Robertis, 2008). Bmp si ...
... The formation of bilaterian nervous systems is initiated through neural induction, a process where the neural plate is specified within a restricted region of ectoderm. In most species, neural induction involves bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling along the DV axis (De Robertis, 2008). Bmp si ...
Running Improves Pattern Separation during Novel Object
... learning and memory formation is improved by voluntary wheel running in mice [16, 17]. In particular, pattern separation in a touch screen task was shown to be more precise in running mice as compared to sedentary animals [18]. Remarkably, all the behavioral tests assessing pattern separation used b ...
... learning and memory formation is improved by voluntary wheel running in mice [16, 17]. In particular, pattern separation in a touch screen task was shown to be more precise in running mice as compared to sedentary animals [18]. Remarkably, all the behavioral tests assessing pattern separation used b ...
Down-regulation of p21-activated serine/threonine kinase 1 is
... the toxicity in a HD cellular model [14]. Rac-PAK signaling was found to be defective in the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, Fmr1-KO mouse, suggesting that PAK1 might also be involved in the pathogenesis of mental retardation [15]. In addition, knockout of PAK1 induced defects in brain developmen ...
... the toxicity in a HD cellular model [14]. Rac-PAK signaling was found to be defective in the mouse model of Fragile X syndrome, Fmr1-KO mouse, suggesting that PAK1 might also be involved in the pathogenesis of mental retardation [15]. In addition, knockout of PAK1 induced defects in brain developmen ...
CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM I
... Name the two major neuropeptides in the CNS; discuss why (when) they are released and their effect in the brain and/or spinal cord. ...
... Name the two major neuropeptides in the CNS; discuss why (when) they are released and their effect in the brain and/or spinal cord. ...
CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM I
... Name the two major neuropeptides in the CNS; discuss why (when) they are released and their effect in the brain and/or spinal cord. ...
... Name the two major neuropeptides in the CNS; discuss why (when) they are released and their effect in the brain and/or spinal cord. ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... ventral premotor area F5 [1–3], and subsequently in the monkey inferior parietal area PFG [4,5]. Their discovery was preceded by a prolonged anatomical and functional investigation of the premotor areas that enabled our group to highlight a series of unexpected functions of these areas [6,7]. Among ...
... ventral premotor area F5 [1–3], and subsequently in the monkey inferior parietal area PFG [4,5]. Their discovery was preceded by a prolonged anatomical and functional investigation of the premotor areas that enabled our group to highlight a series of unexpected functions of these areas [6,7]. Among ...
Purinergic signaling in acupuncture
... ATP, “purinergic signaling” (since ATP is a purine nucleotide), and formulated the purinergic signaling hypothesis (2). In 2009, Burnstock proposed that purinergic signaling could be involved in the physiological mechanisms mediating acupuncture effects. This hypothesis suggested that mechanical def ...
... ATP, “purinergic signaling” (since ATP is a purine nucleotide), and formulated the purinergic signaling hypothesis (2). In 2009, Burnstock proposed that purinergic signaling could be involved in the physiological mechanisms mediating acupuncture effects. This hypothesis suggested that mechanical def ...
Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... Snider, R. K., J. F. Kabara, B. R. Roig, and A. B. Bonds. Burst firing and modulation of functional connectivity in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 730–744, 1998. We studied the influences of the temporal firing patterns of presynaptic cat visual cortical cells on spike generation by postsy ...
... Snider, R. K., J. F. Kabara, B. R. Roig, and A. B. Bonds. Burst firing and modulation of functional connectivity in cat striate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 730–744, 1998. We studied the influences of the temporal firing patterns of presynaptic cat visual cortical cells on spike generation by postsy ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
... (control: 5.3 ⫾ 1.2; D1 agonist: 5.7 ⫾ 1.8 Hz; n ⫽ 8). Afterhyperpolarization was often more pronounced, but there was no other effect on cell properties, including input resistance, spike threshold, amplitude, or width (n ⫽ 15; data not shown). Although burst-firing is displayed spontaneously by on ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
... cardiovascular signals, were digitized (Cambridge Electronics Design, power 1401 data acquisition system) and analyzed using the Spike 2 software package (Cambridge Electronics Design). Ganglionic loci were identified from which action potentials with signal-to-noise ratios ⬎ 3:1 could be recorded. ...
Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the
... levels during the first two 4-trial blocks of conditioning, and then tended to diminish during later conditioning trials (Fig. 5b). To determine how individual cells contributed to this pattern, a ‘persistence’ value was quantified for each cell by dividing the increase in CS responses (over habitua ...
... levels during the first two 4-trial blocks of conditioning, and then tended to diminish during later conditioning trials (Fig. 5b). To determine how individual cells contributed to this pattern, a ‘persistence’ value was quantified for each cell by dividing the increase in CS responses (over habitua ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... activity. Slow-wave sleep consisted of high-amplitude slow waves together with a low EMG tone relative to waking. REM sleep was identified by the presence of desynchronized EEG and /or activity coupled with low EMG relative to slow-wave sleep. The amount of time spent in wakef ulness, SWS, and REM ...
... activity. Slow-wave sleep consisted of high-amplitude slow waves together with a low EMG tone relative to waking. REM sleep was identified by the presence of desynchronized EEG and /or activity coupled with low EMG relative to slow-wave sleep. The amount of time spent in wakef ulness, SWS, and REM ...
14132.full - Explore Bristol Research
... aimed to confirm histologically as many IO stimulation sites as possible (see Fig. 1d). By adopting these approaches, it therefore seems reasonable to assume that the IO was the main if not exclusive target of spinal projection neurons identified in this study and the term “spino-olivary” is used ac ...
... aimed to confirm histologically as many IO stimulation sites as possible (see Fig. 1d). By adopting these approaches, it therefore seems reasonable to assume that the IO was the main if not exclusive target of spinal projection neurons identified in this study and the term “spino-olivary” is used ac ...
A mathematical model on REM-NREM cycle
... or more neurons. A neuron may have many thousands of dendrites, but it will have only one axon. The fourth distinct part of a neuron lies at the end of the axon, the axon terminals. These are the structures that contain neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are the chemical medium through which signa ...
... or more neurons. A neuron may have many thousands of dendrites, but it will have only one axon. The fourth distinct part of a neuron lies at the end of the axon, the axon terminals. These are the structures that contain neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are the chemical medium through which signa ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 16.1 Scanning electron micrograph of a
... (green) are a key structural component of the axon and though tightly bundled with the axon shaft, a dynamic subpopulation of microtubules actively explores the peripheral domain of the growth cone by extending along filopodia. All of the growing ends of microtubules are pointed toward the leading ...
... (green) are a key structural component of the axon and though tightly bundled with the axon shaft, a dynamic subpopulation of microtubules actively explores the peripheral domain of the growth cone by extending along filopodia. All of the growing ends of microtubules are pointed toward the leading ...
invariant face and object recognition in the visual system
... et al., 1987); and retinal translation, i.e. position in the visual field (Tovee et al., 1994; cf earlier work by Gross, 1973, Gross et al., 1985). Some of these neurons even have relatively view-invariant responses, responding to different views of the same face but not of other faces (Hasselmo et ...
... et al., 1987); and retinal translation, i.e. position in the visual field (Tovee et al., 1994; cf earlier work by Gross, 1973, Gross et al., 1985). Some of these neurons even have relatively view-invariant responses, responding to different views of the same face but not of other faces (Hasselmo et ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.