Nissl substance and cellular structures involved in the intraneuronal
... The neuronal and glial membranes are separated by a 10-15 nm gap [8]. Small molecules and ions easily diffuse through this space. Macromolecules like proteins and mRNA cannot cross cellular membranes. After vesicular transport from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane, proteins are released from ...
... The neuronal and glial membranes are separated by a 10-15 nm gap [8]. Small molecules and ions easily diffuse through this space. Macromolecules like proteins and mRNA cannot cross cellular membranes. After vesicular transport from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane, proteins are released from ...
NG2 cells response to axonal alteration in the spinal cord white
... at the early stage of neuropathogenesis. Previous studies have reported that abnormal neurofilament aggregates are often associated with decreases in the level of NFL mRNA, for instance, more than 70% downregulation of NFL mRNA was detected in degenerating neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A ...
... at the early stage of neuropathogenesis. Previous studies have reported that abnormal neurofilament aggregates are often associated with decreases in the level of NFL mRNA, for instance, more than 70% downregulation of NFL mRNA was detected in degenerating neurons of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... colored circle attached to the tip of a long stick) aimed to touch the target object, but devoid of the possibility to pick it up. The visual response of tool-responding mirror neurons was always excitatory. Note that in 29 neurons, there was also a weak response to observation of an action made wit ...
... colored circle attached to the tip of a long stick) aimed to touch the target object, but devoid of the possibility to pick it up. The visual response of tool-responding mirror neurons was always excitatory. Note that in 29 neurons, there was also a weak response to observation of an action made wit ...
doc Chapter 8
... and then turning it to the left. o Mushiake, Inase, Tanji trained monkeys to perform a set of responses pushing each of 3 buttons in a certain sequence. When performed from memory, the neurons in the SMA were activated. This was not the case when performed from visual cues (the buttons lit up in the ...
... and then turning it to the left. o Mushiake, Inase, Tanji trained monkeys to perform a set of responses pushing each of 3 buttons in a certain sequence. When performed from memory, the neurons in the SMA were activated. This was not the case when performed from visual cues (the buttons lit up in the ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario enables predictions about what may happen next. If a head is ...
... complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario enables predictions about what may happen next. If a head is ...
reSOLUTION Neuroscience Supplement
... In his novel “Perfume – the Story of a Murderer”, Patrick Süskind managed to put the power of odors into words better than anyone before him. It may be a fascinating idea, but no one will ever be able to create the perfect fragrance that makes a person irresistibly attractive. In the animal world, o ...
... In his novel “Perfume – the Story of a Murderer”, Patrick Süskind managed to put the power of odors into words better than anyone before him. It may be a fascinating idea, but no one will ever be able to create the perfect fragrance that makes a person irresistibly attractive. In the animal world, o ...
Chapter 3
... Neurons are electrically excitable due to the voltage difference across their membrane Communicate with 2 types of electric signals ...
... Neurons are electrically excitable due to the voltage difference across their membrane Communicate with 2 types of electric signals ...
11-1 FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Sensory input
... B. The motor, or efferent, division carries action potentials FROM the CNS to effector organs and can be divided into two parts. 1) The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscle. It is usually under voluntary conscious control, although reflexes are involuntary. 2) The autonomic nervous syst ...
... B. The motor, or efferent, division carries action potentials FROM the CNS to effector organs and can be divided into two parts. 1) The somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscle. It is usually under voluntary conscious control, although reflexes are involuntary. 2) The autonomic nervous syst ...
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound
... pathway runs from the CN to the contralateral line, and the sites of electrical stimulation and recording. B, Photomicrograph of the coronal section of the right brainstem at cortex. During surgery and all recording ses- ⬃5.5 mm posterior to the bregma. C, Magnification of the area in a rectangle in ...
... pathway runs from the CN to the contralateral line, and the sites of electrical stimulation and recording. B, Photomicrograph of the coronal section of the right brainstem at cortex. During surgery and all recording ses- ⬃5.5 mm posterior to the bregma. C, Magnification of the area in a rectangle in ...
Neuron the Memory Unit of the Brain
... Neuron the Memory Unit of the Brain Memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain. It is the sum total of what we remember, and gives us the capability to learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as to build relat ...
... Neuron the Memory Unit of the Brain Memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain. It is the sum total of what we remember, and gives us the capability to learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as to build relat ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in Xenopus
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
Hippocampus – Why is it studied so frequently?
... merge. In layer III pyramidal cells are predominant. Pyramidal cells in layer V vary from grouped large, darkly stained neurons to rather loose arranged smaller pyramidal cells altogether with polymorphic cells. Cells in layer VI are heterogenous in size and shape. Columnar organization at caudal le ...
... merge. In layer III pyramidal cells are predominant. Pyramidal cells in layer V vary from grouped large, darkly stained neurons to rather loose arranged smaller pyramidal cells altogether with polymorphic cells. Cells in layer VI are heterogenous in size and shape. Columnar organization at caudal le ...
Early Neural Patterning •Neural induction
... -The motor neurons in the explant grew out their axons over the surface of the muscle cell -AChR clusters on the surface of the muscle cell where there was contact with the axons from the motor neurons (in vitro NMJs) -Spontaneous receptor clusters (hot spots) were also present in parts of the cell ...
... -The motor neurons in the explant grew out their axons over the surface of the muscle cell -AChR clusters on the surface of the muscle cell where there was contact with the axons from the motor neurons (in vitro NMJs) -Spontaneous receptor clusters (hot spots) were also present in parts of the cell ...
- Wiley Online Library
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
Probing forebrain to hindbrain circuit functions in
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
... F I G U R E 3 Initiation and production of vocal motor patterns in X. laevis. (a) The ex vivo brain (Figure 1a) now viewed from the side and illustrating subdivisions (hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain) that include neural circuits participating in initiation of vocal patterns. In an adult male bra ...
Hindbrain catecholamine neurons mediate
... NE and E neurons, DBH-ir cell bodies were quantified at representative levels through hindbrain cell groups A1, A2, and C1 –C3, which provide the major NE/E innervation of the PVH. In the area of overlap of A1 and C1, nearly all NE and E cell bodies project to the medial hypothalamus. Cell groups A5 ...
... NE and E neurons, DBH-ir cell bodies were quantified at representative levels through hindbrain cell groups A1, A2, and C1 –C3, which provide the major NE/E innervation of the PVH. In the area of overlap of A1 and C1, nearly all NE and E cell bodies project to the medial hypothalamus. Cell groups A5 ...
The basic Hebb rule
... ways. For example, shifts in intrinsic excitability can compensate for changes in the level of input to a neuron caused by synaptic plasticity. ...
... ways. For example, shifts in intrinsic excitability can compensate for changes in the level of input to a neuron caused by synaptic plasticity. ...
Cell assemblies in the cerebral cortex Günther Palm, Andreas
... These and many other structural properties have been quantified in the following years in the mouse cortex, as well as in other species (For reviews see White 1989; Braitenberg and Schüz 1991, 1998; DeFelipe et al. 2002). These studies provided further support for the theory of cell assemblies; they ...
... These and many other structural properties have been quantified in the following years in the mouse cortex, as well as in other species (For reviews see White 1989; Braitenberg and Schüz 1991, 1998; DeFelipe et al. 2002). These studies provided further support for the theory of cell assemblies; they ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... 2.2. Recurrent excitatory responses ML stimulation induced EPSPs, presumably generated by recurrent collateral branches from CL neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed ...
... 2.2. Recurrent excitatory responses ML stimulation induced EPSPs, presumably generated by recurrent collateral branches from CL neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
... In order to test how the reduction of sodium channels affects the size and shape of single action potentials, sodium currents and action potentials were elicited at various TTX concentrations. The recordings revealed that the sodium currents were more sensitive to TTX than the action potentials (Fig ...
... In order to test how the reduction of sodium channels affects the size and shape of single action potentials, sodium currents and action potentials were elicited at various TTX concentrations. The recordings revealed that the sodium currents were more sensitive to TTX than the action potentials (Fig ...
Musings on the Wanderer: What`s New in Our Understanding of
... (46) examined the terminal fields formed by regenerating axons and endings. These investigators reported marked differences in the regenerative capacities of the afferent and efferent arms of the vagus under the same surgical and maintenance conditions. It was demonstrated that, in the rat, vagal af ...
... (46) examined the terminal fields formed by regenerating axons and endings. These investigators reported marked differences in the regenerative capacities of the afferent and efferent arms of the vagus under the same surgical and maintenance conditions. It was demonstrated that, in the rat, vagal af ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.