the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... Motor neuron command signals. The eyes are rotated by the synergistic action of three pairs of extraocular muscles (FIG. 1a). Horizontal eye rotations are produced, primarily, by the medial and lateral rectus muscles. Vertical rotations are accomplished by cooperative contractions of combinations of ...
... Motor neuron command signals. The eyes are rotated by the synergistic action of three pairs of extraocular muscles (FIG. 1a). Horizontal eye rotations are produced, primarily, by the medial and lateral rectus muscles. Vertical rotations are accomplished by cooperative contractions of combinations of ...
Carotid Sinus
... nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spasm. • When all else fails or BP won’t allow vasodilators…TIME. Spasm will generally resolve within 5-10 minutes • (unresolving spasm: important to rule out dissection or thrombus) ...
... nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spasm. • When all else fails or BP won’t allow vasodilators…TIME. Spasm will generally resolve within 5-10 minutes • (unresolving spasm: important to rule out dissection or thrombus) ...
cortex
... lateral olfactory tract. It also contains the cortical amygdaloid nuclei and part of the hippocampal formation, which has become extruded from the temporal or inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The remaining cortex of the anterior parahippocampal gyrus is the entorhinal cortex, area 28, which i ...
... lateral olfactory tract. It also contains the cortical amygdaloid nuclei and part of the hippocampal formation, which has become extruded from the temporal or inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The remaining cortex of the anterior parahippocampal gyrus is the entorhinal cortex, area 28, which i ...
1 1 THE CEREBRAL CORTEX Parcellation of the cerebral cortex
... projections via the lateral olfactory tract. It also contains the cortical amygdaloid nuclei and part of the hippocampal formation, which has become extruded from the temporal or inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The remaining cortex of the anterior parahippocampal gyrus is the entorhinal cort ...
... projections via the lateral olfactory tract. It also contains the cortical amygdaloid nuclei and part of the hippocampal formation, which has become extruded from the temporal or inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. The remaining cortex of the anterior parahippocampal gyrus is the entorhinal cort ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... Visual signals pass from each eye along the million or so fibers of the optic nerve to the optic chiasm, where some nerve fibers cross over, so both sides of the brain receive signals from both eyes. Consequently, the left halves of both retinas project to the left visual cortex and the right halves ...
... Visual signals pass from each eye along the million or so fibers of the optic nerve to the optic chiasm, where some nerve fibers cross over, so both sides of the brain receive signals from both eyes. Consequently, the left halves of both retinas project to the left visual cortex and the right halves ...
pdf, 1 MiB - Infoscience
... anatomical connection studies and more specifically for tractography. We applied textmining models to three structures: two well-studied structures, since validated deep brain stimulation targets, the internal globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus and, the nucleus accumbens, an exploratory tar ...
... anatomical connection studies and more specifically for tractography. We applied textmining models to three structures: two well-studied structures, since validated deep brain stimulation targets, the internal globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus and, the nucleus accumbens, an exploratory tar ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... Simulation of asymmetric interconnectivity generated slow travelling waves of activity (where normal symmetric configurations produce stationary activity patterns), suggesting that a similar abnormal network dynamic may underlie the sudden involuntary movements seen in Huntington's patients. Apart f ...
... Simulation of asymmetric interconnectivity generated slow travelling waves of activity (where normal symmetric configurations produce stationary activity patterns), suggesting that a similar abnormal network dynamic may underlie the sudden involuntary movements seen in Huntington's patients. Apart f ...
Understanding Embodied Cognition through Dynamical Systems
... But how central are the notions of embodiment and situatedness to understanding how cognitive tasks are achieved? Traditionally, it has been thought that the core of cognition forms around such things as language, thought, reasoning, or knowledge, and is detached from the motor and sensory surfaces. ...
... But how central are the notions of embodiment and situatedness to understanding how cognitive tasks are achieved? Traditionally, it has been thought that the core of cognition forms around such things as language, thought, reasoning, or knowledge, and is detached from the motor and sensory surfaces. ...
ARTICLE IN PRESS Neural Networks entorhinal cortex
... the oscillation frequency observed in different individual cells recorded at different membrane potentials in dorsal entorhinal cortex (Giocomo & Hasselmo, 2008a), as summarized in Fig. 2. This suggests that oscillation frequencies may change with depolarization, though direct measures of changes in ...
... the oscillation frequency observed in different individual cells recorded at different membrane potentials in dorsal entorhinal cortex (Giocomo & Hasselmo, 2008a), as summarized in Fig. 2. This suggests that oscillation frequencies may change with depolarization, though direct measures of changes in ...
Training
... The feedforward connections operate in accordance with a Hebbian learning rule; they are excitatory and therefore provide for selfamplification. Lateral connections from the individual outputs of neurons 1,2,...,j-1 to neuron j, thereby applying feedback to the network. These connections are represe ...
... The feedforward connections operate in accordance with a Hebbian learning rule; they are excitatory and therefore provide for selfamplification. Lateral connections from the individual outputs of neurons 1,2,...,j-1 to neuron j, thereby applying feedback to the network. These connections are represe ...
A neural reinforcement learning model for tasks with unknown time... Daniel Rasmussen () Chris Eliasmith ()
... signal. The challenging aspect of TD learning is how to learn with only immediate rewards as input to the model. Potjans et al. (2009) presented one of the most complete neural models of reinforcement learning. In order to compute the TD error they use two activity traces, one fast and one slow, on ...
... signal. The challenging aspect of TD learning is how to learn with only immediate rewards as input to the model. Potjans et al. (2009) presented one of the most complete neural models of reinforcement learning. In order to compute the TD error they use two activity traces, one fast and one slow, on ...
learning objectives for nervous tissue and nervous system
... ventricle is located between the two masses of the thalamus? 14. Give the location and describe the structure of the hypothalamus. Briefly describe seven of its chief functions. 15. Give the location and describe the structure of the epithalamus. What is the function of the pineal gland? 16. Give th ...
... ventricle is located between the two masses of the thalamus? 14. Give the location and describe the structure of the hypothalamus. Briefly describe seven of its chief functions. 15. Give the location and describe the structure of the epithalamus. What is the function of the pineal gland? 16. Give th ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... Executive function is considered to be a product of the coordinated operation of various processes to accomplish a particular goal in a flexible manner. The mechanism or system responsible for the coordinated operation of various processes is called executive control. Impairments caused by damage to ...
... Executive function is considered to be a product of the coordinated operation of various processes to accomplish a particular goal in a flexible manner. The mechanism or system responsible for the coordinated operation of various processes is called executive control. Impairments caused by damage to ...
Lecture Presentation for Chapter 17
... tests show increased activity in several brain regions, but not all may be essential. ...
... tests show increased activity in several brain regions, but not all may be essential. ...
Functional and comparative assessments of the octopus learning
... Figure 1. Principle neuronal elements and their connections in the octopus vertical lobe (VL) and locust mushroom body (MB) systems. The connectivity schemes are superimposed on schematic drawings to scale of the respective neural structures. The VL contains many more cells and is much larger than t ...
... Figure 1. Principle neuronal elements and their connections in the octopus vertical lobe (VL) and locust mushroom body (MB) systems. The connectivity schemes are superimposed on schematic drawings to scale of the respective neural structures. The VL contains many more cells and is much larger than t ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... distinct from embryonic development. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblasts can be converted directly into a specific differentiated and functional neural subtype, the spinal motor neuron. ...
... distinct from embryonic development. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblasts can be converted directly into a specific differentiated and functional neural subtype, the spinal motor neuron. ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... finally converge in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx), the cells of which are selective for both interaural time and intensity differences (Moiseff and Konishi, 1981, 1983). Recent immunohistochemical studies have reported the existence of vitamin D-dependent caleium binding prot ...
... finally converge in the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICx), the cells of which are selective for both interaural time and intensity differences (Moiseff and Konishi, 1981, 1983). Recent immunohistochemical studies have reported the existence of vitamin D-dependent caleium binding prot ...
Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human
... supposedly unusual scaling of the human brain, however, derives from comparisons across orders (Jerison, 1973) and, even when restricted to primates, regards only the brain– body relationship (Marino, 1998) rather than addressing how its cellular composition compares with that expected from other pr ...
... supposedly unusual scaling of the human brain, however, derives from comparisons across orders (Jerison, 1973) and, even when restricted to primates, regards only the brain– body relationship (Marino, 1998) rather than addressing how its cellular composition compares with that expected from other pr ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... focus on superficial (i.e., layers II–III) pyramidal neurons (mean soma depth = 794 ± 131 lm) in the two cortical regions. Because the Golgi impregnation was not uniform, more neurons appropriate for quantification were sampled from LA1 (n = 46) than from LA3 (n = 29). A total of 40 superficial pyra ...
... focus on superficial (i.e., layers II–III) pyramidal neurons (mean soma depth = 794 ± 131 lm) in the two cortical regions. Because the Golgi impregnation was not uniform, more neurons appropriate for quantification were sampled from LA1 (n = 46) than from LA3 (n = 29). A total of 40 superficial pyra ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... Proprioceptive sensory signals inform the CNS of the consequences of motor acts, but effective motor planning involves internal neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly understood. We explored the possi ...
... Proprioceptive sensory signals inform the CNS of the consequences of motor acts, but effective motor planning involves internal neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly understood. We explored the possi ...
... Communication between neurons in a “neuronal network” is by electro-chemical means and it is the study of these electro chemical signals that form the basis of neural scientists‟ investigations into the emergent properties of neuronal networks. 2. Neurophysiological Data While cognition, memory and ...
Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical
... stimuli were delivered passively. These findings suggest that the neural processes associated with the ability to categorize somesthetic stimuli must occur in more central areas linked to SI cortex. These central structures include the somesthetic areas of the posterior parietal lobe, motor areas of ...
... stimuli were delivered passively. These findings suggest that the neural processes associated with the ability to categorize somesthetic stimuli must occur in more central areas linked to SI cortex. These central structures include the somesthetic areas of the posterior parietal lobe, motor areas of ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... which a stimulus was presented, preferring a stimulus of equivalent visual angle and luminance presented near (within 20 cm) or very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can s ...
... which a stimulus was presented, preferring a stimulus of equivalent visual angle and luminance presented near (within 20 cm) or very near (within 5 cm) the face. These neurons maintained their preference for near stimuli when tested monocularly, suggesting that visual cues other than disparity can s ...
"TOPICS IN THEORETICAL NEUROBIOLOGY"
... Paydarfar, Forger & Clay: Noisy inputs and the induction of on-off switching behavior in a neuronal pacemaker. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 33383348. 8 AXONS WERE EXAMINED. ...
... Paydarfar, Forger & Clay: Noisy inputs and the induction of on-off switching behavior in a neuronal pacemaker. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 33383348. 8 AXONS WERE EXAMINED. ...
The role of spiking nonlinearity in contrast gain control
... & Meister, 1997), and network interactions (Victor, 1987). It was also suggested that the active ionic channels inside the spiking generation (Kim & Rieke, 2001; Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000) might play an important role in controlling the changing of the transfer function. In order to clarify the con ...
... & Meister, 1997), and network interactions (Victor, 1987). It was also suggested that the active ionic channels inside the spiking generation (Kim & Rieke, 2001; Sanchez-Vives et al., 2000) might play an important role in controlling the changing of the transfer function. In order to clarify the con ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.