Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... Using conductance-based models, they showed that a simple model could reproduce these responses. Their model contained superficial and deep pyramidal cells with a common pool of inhibitory cells. All three neuronal populations received thalamic drive and were fully interconnected. The deep pyramidal ...
... Using conductance-based models, they showed that a simple model could reproduce these responses. Their model contained superficial and deep pyramidal cells with a common pool of inhibitory cells. All three neuronal populations received thalamic drive and were fully interconnected. The deep pyramidal ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... preceded by a variable duration introductory phase. The rate and amplitude of CAPs during introductory phase are lower than those during fast trill, but the transition from introductory phase to fast trill is gradual. In a previous study, we developed a method for objectively defining the onset time ...
... preceded by a variable duration introductory phase. The rate and amplitude of CAPs during introductory phase are lower than those during fast trill, but the transition from introductory phase to fast trill is gradual. In a previous study, we developed a method for objectively defining the onset time ...
Nervous System Ch 9
... • Parkinson disease—characterized by abnormally low levels of dopamine in motor control areas of the brain; patients usually exhibit involuntary trembling and muscle ...
... • Parkinson disease—characterized by abnormally low levels of dopamine in motor control areas of the brain; patients usually exhibit involuntary trembling and muscle ...
General Organization of Somatosensory System
... Ruffini endings are located in the deep layers of the skin, and register mechanical deformation within joints, more specifically angle change, with a specificity of up to two degrees, as well as continuous pressure states. They also act as thermoreceptors that respond for a long time, so in case of ...
... Ruffini endings are located in the deep layers of the skin, and register mechanical deformation within joints, more specifically angle change, with a specificity of up to two degrees, as well as continuous pressure states. They also act as thermoreceptors that respond for a long time, so in case of ...
Review Historical aspects of the anatomy of the reticular formation
... physiological activity. Knowledge of its functions enables a better definition of the morphology and topography of this structure. Among the authors who have contributed the most to the understanding of RF functions, Frédéric Bremer stands out (Figure 1). In 1935, this researcher published his studi ...
... physiological activity. Knowledge of its functions enables a better definition of the morphology and topography of this structure. Among the authors who have contributed the most to the understanding of RF functions, Frédéric Bremer stands out (Figure 1). In 1935, this researcher published his studi ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... during early corticogenesis. In Sox5-null mutants, the normal sequential generation of subtypes of CFu neurons is accelerated, leading to the premature generation of subcerebrally projecting neurons. As a consequence, the delineation between the distinct CFu neuron subtypes is lost in Sox5!/! cortex ...
... during early corticogenesis. In Sox5-null mutants, the normal sequential generation of subtypes of CFu neurons is accelerated, leading to the premature generation of subcerebrally projecting neurons. As a consequence, the delineation between the distinct CFu neuron subtypes is lost in Sox5!/! cortex ...
Recounting the impact of Hubel and Wiesel
... It was against this background that the impact of Hubel and Wiesel’s first paper (1959) can be appreciated. Their introduction set the tone: ‘In the central nervous system the visual pathway from retina to striate cortex provides an opportunity to observe and compare single unit responses at several ...
... It was against this background that the impact of Hubel and Wiesel’s first paper (1959) can be appreciated. Their introduction set the tone: ‘In the central nervous system the visual pathway from retina to striate cortex provides an opportunity to observe and compare single unit responses at several ...
melanin in the body
... many different roles of the brain. It has extremely powerful affects on the brain processes that control emotional responses, the ability to feel pleasure and pain, our mood, attention and learning; as well as playing a major role in addiction. Dopamine is important because it is crucial to the rewa ...
... many different roles of the brain. It has extremely powerful affects on the brain processes that control emotional responses, the ability to feel pleasure and pain, our mood, attention and learning; as well as playing a major role in addiction. Dopamine is important because it is crucial to the rewa ...
REVIEW VERTEBRAE, SPINAL NERVES, REFLEXES 1
... not pathological but due to increased activation of Gamma motor neurons associated with nervousness and anxiety. Which of the following is an action of Gamma motor neurons that could produce the mild hyperreflexia? A. Increase sensitivity of Golgi tendon organs B. Increase sensitivity of Ia fibers i ...
... not pathological but due to increased activation of Gamma motor neurons associated with nervousness and anxiety. Which of the following is an action of Gamma motor neurons that could produce the mild hyperreflexia? A. Increase sensitivity of Golgi tendon organs B. Increase sensitivity of Ia fibers i ...
Lasers, Optics Enhance Optogenetics Studies
... modulation to meet the demands of optogenetic applications. Therefore, DPSS lasers used for optogenetics need a builtin modulator or a fast shutter to modulate the light, allowing the devices to operate continuously and hence with as much stability as the design allows (Figure 5). Sample experiment: ...
... modulation to meet the demands of optogenetic applications. Therefore, DPSS lasers used for optogenetics need a builtin modulator or a fast shutter to modulate the light, allowing the devices to operate continuously and hence with as much stability as the design allows (Figure 5). Sample experiment: ...
The autonomic nervous system
... Sympathetic nervous system It’s primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. And it constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis. Fight-or-flight response means that when somebody is in danger under the command of the hypothalamus the neural activity and the hor ...
... Sympathetic nervous system It’s primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response. And it constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis. Fight-or-flight response means that when somebody is in danger under the command of the hypothalamus the neural activity and the hor ...
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of
... voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal sodium channels Nav1.1, Nav1.2, or Nav1.6 in VPL neurons, although we can not rule out a contribution of other ...
... voltage-gated sodium channel transcripts in the VPL during this time of neuronal hyperresponsiveness and reduced nociceptive thresholds. We observed no changes in the expression of neuronal sodium channels Nav1.1, Nav1.2, or Nav1.6 in VPL neurons, although we can not rule out a contribution of other ...
Real-time tomography from magnetoencephalography (MEG
... The end product of an EEG or MEG experiment is some measure of activity. Even if we assume that the contribution emanating from the brain has been successfully separated from other interfering sources, considerable ambiguity remains about the data and results of their analysis. The MEG or EEG signal ...
... The end product of an EEG or MEG experiment is some measure of activity. Even if we assume that the contribution emanating from the brain has been successfully separated from other interfering sources, considerable ambiguity remains about the data and results of their analysis. The MEG or EEG signal ...
SCandSN 08
... Ganglion = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS Nucleus = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS ...
... Ganglion = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS Nucleus = cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS ...
Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral
... in a zigzag maze. In addition, theta power and the fraction of theta-rhythmic neurons were substantially reduced in the ventral compared with dorsal hippocampus. We hypothesize that the spatial representation in the septo-temporal axis of the hippocampus is progressively decreased. This change is pa ...
... in a zigzag maze. In addition, theta power and the fraction of theta-rhythmic neurons were substantially reduced in the ventral compared with dorsal hippocampus. We hypothesize that the spatial representation in the septo-temporal axis of the hippocampus is progressively decreased. This change is pa ...
Effect of dopamine receptor stimulation on voltage
... receptor agonist (SKF 38393, 10 µM) on the membrane potential and on voltage-dependent fast-inactivating Na+ currents in mPFC pyramidal neurons obtained from adult (9-week-old) rats. Treatment of the pyramidal neurons with SKF 38393 did not affect the membrane potential recorded with the perforated- ...
... receptor agonist (SKF 38393, 10 µM) on the membrane potential and on voltage-dependent fast-inactivating Na+ currents in mPFC pyramidal neurons obtained from adult (9-week-old) rats. Treatment of the pyramidal neurons with SKF 38393 did not affect the membrane potential recorded with the perforated- ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... stimuli, and did not respond to somatosensory stimulation (see Rolls et al., in preparation). The stimuli to which different neurons responded best included glucose, blackcurrant juice, water, and NaCI, with HCI and quinine hydrochloride being relatively ineffective gustatory stimuli for the majorit ...
... stimuli, and did not respond to somatosensory stimulation (see Rolls et al., in preparation). The stimuli to which different neurons responded best included glucose, blackcurrant juice, water, and NaCI, with HCI and quinine hydrochloride being relatively ineffective gustatory stimuli for the majorit ...
OLED_Optogenetics_abstract_v3_wo_links
... and the plugin MtrackJ. From those positions, we calculated the distance between head and tail, which indicates whether the larva is relaxed or contracted. OLED illumination timing was tracked from the videos as well. As an example, Figure 3b shows head-tail distance traces for two OLED power densit ...
... and the plugin MtrackJ. From those positions, we calculated the distance between head and tail, which indicates whether the larva is relaxed or contracted. OLED illumination timing was tracked from the videos as well. As an example, Figure 3b shows head-tail distance traces for two OLED power densit ...
Chapter 48
... membrane. In this way, local currents of ions across the plasma membrane cause the action potential to be propagated along the length of the axon. ...
... membrane. In this way, local currents of ions across the plasma membrane cause the action potential to be propagated along the length of the axon. ...
Intelligent agents capable of developing memory of their environment
... topology of the neural structures in the brain is constantly changing and is an integral part of its learning capability. Dendrites themselves should no longer be regarded as passive entities that simply collect and pass synaptic inputs to the soma, indeed Koch argues that ”Dendritic trees enhance c ...
... topology of the neural structures in the brain is constantly changing and is an integral part of its learning capability. Dendrites themselves should no longer be regarded as passive entities that simply collect and pass synaptic inputs to the soma, indeed Koch argues that ”Dendritic trees enhance c ...
cereb cort
... distinguish between distinct input patterns and post-integration inhibition can do nothing to resolve the situation (and will, in general, result in a node chosen at random winning the competition). Several solutions to this problem have been suggested. Some require adjusting the activations using a ...
... distinguish between distinct input patterns and post-integration inhibition can do nothing to resolve the situation (and will, in general, result in a node chosen at random winning the competition). Several solutions to this problem have been suggested. Some require adjusting the activations using a ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... Motor neuron command signals. The eyes are rotated by the synergistic action of three pairs of extraocular muscles (FIG. 1a). Horizontal eye rotations are produced, primarily, by the medial and lateral rectus muscles. Vertical rotations are accomplished by cooperative contractions of combinations of ...
... Motor neuron command signals. The eyes are rotated by the synergistic action of three pairs of extraocular muscles (FIG. 1a). Horizontal eye rotations are produced, primarily, by the medial and lateral rectus muscles. Vertical rotations are accomplished by cooperative contractions of combinations of ...
Carotid Sinus
... nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spasm. • When all else fails or BP won’t allow vasodilators…TIME. Spasm will generally resolve within 5-10 minutes • (unresolving spasm: important to rule out dissection or thrombus) ...
... nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spasm. • When all else fails or BP won’t allow vasodilators…TIME. Spasm will generally resolve within 5-10 minutes • (unresolving spasm: important to rule out dissection or thrombus) ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.