The nature of neuronal words and language
... refractory period, and until the ionic gradients are reestablished, a second spike cannot be generated. In addition, following the absolute refractory period there is a relative refractory period where only a strong stimulus can generate a second AP, and following this period there is a period of lo ...
... refractory period, and until the ionic gradients are reestablished, a second spike cannot be generated. In addition, following the absolute refractory period there is a relative refractory period where only a strong stimulus can generate a second AP, and following this period there is a period of lo ...
Neural integration
... Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, face, and tongue, which are capable of varied and complex movements, appear very large, while trunk is relatively small – these proportions are similar to t ...
... Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, face, and tongue, which are capable of varied and complex movements, appear very large, while trunk is relatively small – these proportions are similar to t ...
Modelling Cerebellar Function in Saccadic Adaptation
... • Same basic circuit repeated many times (hence “neuronal machine”) • Important: half the cells in the entire brain are in the cerebellum ...
... • Same basic circuit repeated many times (hence “neuronal machine”) • Important: half the cells in the entire brain are in the cerebellum ...
Motor systems Basal ganglia
... Now that we know the major circuits in the basal ganglia, let’s take a look at some basic disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement ...
... Now that we know the major circuits in the basal ganglia, let’s take a look at some basic disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement ...
PDF
... Incorporating what is known about the tri-cellular metabolism of NAA and NAAG, along with its role in the brain’s physiological operation that couples neuronal activity with the energy required to maintain the ability of neurons to function at all levels of stimulation, it is possible to reflect on ...
... Incorporating what is known about the tri-cellular metabolism of NAA and NAAG, along with its role in the brain’s physiological operation that couples neuronal activity with the energy required to maintain the ability of neurons to function at all levels of stimulation, it is possible to reflect on ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... As the NAcc-VP and STN-VP pathways use GABA and glutamate, respectively, they may have distinct – and possibly opposed – functions. As a part of the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the NAcc-VP input may be important for the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. It may also be critical for learning ...
... As the NAcc-VP and STN-VP pathways use GABA and glutamate, respectively, they may have distinct – and possibly opposed – functions. As a part of the indirect basal ganglia pathway, the NAcc-VP input may be important for the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. It may also be critical for learning ...
Neurophysiology/sensory physiology Lect. Dr. Zahid M. kadhim
... Hyperalgesia and allodynia Pain is often accompanied by increased sensitivity of nociceptors to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia and allodynia). Hyperalgesia is an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus, and allodynia is a sensation of pain in response to a normally innocuous stimulus. An example o ...
... Hyperalgesia and allodynia Pain is often accompanied by increased sensitivity of nociceptors to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia and allodynia). Hyperalgesia is an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus, and allodynia is a sensation of pain in response to a normally innocuous stimulus. An example o ...
SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM
... and all action potentials are identical, how can the central nervous system tell the difference between heat and pressure, or between a pinprick to the toe and one to the hand? ...
... and all action potentials are identical, how can the central nervous system tell the difference between heat and pressure, or between a pinprick to the toe and one to the hand? ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... tungsten electrode (0.5-l 0 MQ) by 2 10 pm. A bipolar wire-stimulating electrode was implanted into the neocortex contralaterally to the microdrive (AP = -2.0, L = 3.0) or ipsilaterally right behind the microdrive socket. Four screw electrodes, 2 on each side (AP = 2.0, L = 3.0; AP = -6.0, L = 3.0), ...
... tungsten electrode (0.5-l 0 MQ) by 2 10 pm. A bipolar wire-stimulating electrode was implanted into the neocortex contralaterally to the microdrive (AP = -2.0, L = 3.0) or ipsilaterally right behind the microdrive socket. Four screw electrodes, 2 on each side (AP = 2.0, L = 3.0; AP = -6.0, L = 3.0), ...
Chapter 28: Nervous
... receptors into the CNS – Interneurons integrate data and relay signals – Motor neurons convey signals to effectors ...
... receptors into the CNS – Interneurons integrate data and relay signals – Motor neurons convey signals to effectors ...
Cognition without a Neural Code: How a Folded Electromagnetic Fields
... There is simply no known mechanism by which axonal messaging and synaptic modulation can go that fast, even if we allow for functional rather than structural changes. The nervous system contains both electrical and chemical synapses: the former devoted to rapid reflexes, the latter to slower, more m ...
... There is simply no known mechanism by which axonal messaging and synaptic modulation can go that fast, even if we allow for functional rather than structural changes. The nervous system contains both electrical and chemical synapses: the former devoted to rapid reflexes, the latter to slower, more m ...
Are We Paying Attention Yet?
... Saccadic reaction times for cued locations were faster than uncued locations for exogenous and endogenous cueing Electrical stimulation with microcurrents produced a displacement of the constant saccade vector in the direction of the cued location Normally, this stimulation would generate a saccadic ...
... Saccadic reaction times for cued locations were faster than uncued locations for exogenous and endogenous cueing Electrical stimulation with microcurrents produced a displacement of the constant saccade vector in the direction of the cued location Normally, this stimulation would generate a saccadic ...
High acetylcholine sets circuit dynamics for attention and
... The direct depolarization of interneurons is consistent with the fact that nicotinic receptor activation causes an increase in GABA currents in hippocampal pyramidal cells and interneurons (Alkondon and Albuquerque, 2001). Similarly, in the neocortex, there is a selective nicotinic depolarization of ...
... The direct depolarization of interneurons is consistent with the fact that nicotinic receptor activation causes an increase in GABA currents in hippocampal pyramidal cells and interneurons (Alkondon and Albuquerque, 2001). Similarly, in the neocortex, there is a selective nicotinic depolarization of ...
May 30, 04copy.doc
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior cingulate cortex, the orbital prefrontal cortex, the ventral striatum, the ventral pallidum, and the midbrain dopamine ...
... Although cells in many brain regions respond to reward, the cortical-basal ganglia circuit is at the heart of the reward system. The key structures in this network are the anterior cingulate cortex, the orbital prefrontal cortex, the ventral striatum, the ventral pallidum, and the midbrain dopamine ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... oscillations in multiple frequency bands [26,28]. Yet, it is largely unclear whether and how these dynamical motifs contribute to efficient memory recall. Here, we develop a theory that specifically addresses the problem of memory recall from synapses with a limited dynamic range, and thus consider ...
... oscillations in multiple frequency bands [26,28]. Yet, it is largely unclear whether and how these dynamical motifs contribute to efficient memory recall. Here, we develop a theory that specifically addresses the problem of memory recall from synapses with a limited dynamic range, and thus consider ...
Comprehensive imaging of cortical networks
... Neural computations are implemented by activity in spatially distributed neural circuits. Cellular imaging fills a unique niche in linking activity of specific types of neurons to behavior, over spatial scales spanning single neurons to entire brain regions, and temporal scales from milliseconds to ...
... Neural computations are implemented by activity in spatially distributed neural circuits. Cellular imaging fills a unique niche in linking activity of specific types of neurons to behavior, over spatial scales spanning single neurons to entire brain regions, and temporal scales from milliseconds to ...
E1 Lec 11 Disorders of Basal Ganglia
... the GPI and nigra reticulate, inhibiting its inhibitory action to the brainstem and thalamus. The thalamus will then send stimulatory signal to the cortex by releasing glutamate. So basically, stimulation of D1 receptor is stimulatory to the cortex, saying go na yang move na yan! Trivia: This is cal ...
... the GPI and nigra reticulate, inhibiting its inhibitory action to the brainstem and thalamus. The thalamus will then send stimulatory signal to the cortex by releasing glutamate. So basically, stimulation of D1 receptor is stimulatory to the cortex, saying go na yang move na yan! Trivia: This is cal ...
the organization of the arthropod central nervous system
... therefore state that although any precise information appears to be lost at higher levels of the central nervous system, a single localized stimulus will activate a complex network of pathways. The primary information is thus subjected to a detailed analysis at the very first level of integration fo ...
... therefore state that although any precise information appears to be lost at higher levels of the central nervous system, a single localized stimulus will activate a complex network of pathways. The primary information is thus subjected to a detailed analysis at the very first level of integration fo ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... In this paper, we intend to study a specific spiking neuron model which displays these properties and yield biophysical behavior relevant to understand EEG data. Classical nonlinear tools as the correlation dimension or the Lyapunov exponents have given some insight on macroscopic quantities as the E ...
... In this paper, we intend to study a specific spiking neuron model which displays these properties and yield biophysical behavior relevant to understand EEG data. Classical nonlinear tools as the correlation dimension or the Lyapunov exponents have given some insight on macroscopic quantities as the E ...
L9 - Internal structure of brain stem new
... Each color from those above will be pointed at the figure: ...
... Each color from those above will be pointed at the figure: ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... mitochondria which are in charge of building proteins and producing energy respectively. The transmitter and the receiver part of the neuron resemble a bush or a tree. The part of the neuron that functions as the receiver is called dendrite. A neuron contains multiple dendrites which are extended ou ...
... mitochondria which are in charge of building proteins and producing energy respectively. The transmitter and the receiver part of the neuron resemble a bush or a tree. The part of the neuron that functions as the receiver is called dendrite. A neuron contains multiple dendrites which are extended ou ...
The brain-machine disanalogy revisited
... Michael Conrad was a pioneer in investigating biological information processing. He believed that there are fundamental lessons to be learned from the structure and behavior of biological brains that we are far from understanding or have implemented in our computers. Accumulation of advances in seve ...
... Michael Conrad was a pioneer in investigating biological information processing. He believed that there are fundamental lessons to be learned from the structure and behavior of biological brains that we are far from understanding or have implemented in our computers. Accumulation of advances in seve ...
A Small World of Neuronal Synchrony
... called ‘‘small-world’’ properties. A small-world network exhibits a connectivity that constitutes a compromise between random and nearest neighbor regimes resulting in a short average path length despite the predominance of local connections (Watts and Strogatz 1998; Sporns et al. 2004; Bassett and ...
... called ‘‘small-world’’ properties. A small-world network exhibits a connectivity that constitutes a compromise between random and nearest neighbor regimes resulting in a short average path length despite the predominance of local connections (Watts and Strogatz 1998; Sporns et al. 2004; Bassett and ...
Exam2006_AnswerKey
... describe their genotype with respect to fruitless, cadence, and any transgenes they may carry. Also, please predict whether these flies will take the same length of time or longer than wildtype to copulate, and whether they will remain rhythmic in constant darkness. (6 pts) If these two phenotypes a ...
... describe their genotype with respect to fruitless, cadence, and any transgenes they may carry. Also, please predict whether these flies will take the same length of time or longer than wildtype to copulate, and whether they will remain rhythmic in constant darkness. (6 pts) If these two phenotypes a ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.