Effects of chronic nicotine administration on nitric oxide synthase
... Key words: addiction; drugs of abuse; NADPH-diaphorase; neurotransmitter modulation; sex differences ...
... Key words: addiction; drugs of abuse; NADPH-diaphorase; neurotransmitter modulation; sex differences ...
Confidence-Related Decision Making
... A,B. When stimulus A (or B) is applied, pool DA (or DB) will usually win the competition and end up with high firing, indicating that decision A (or B) has been reached. When a mixture is applied, the decision-making network will probabilistically choose DA or DB, influenced by the proportion of A ...
... A,B. When stimulus A (or B) is applied, pool DA (or DB) will usually win the competition and end up with high firing, indicating that decision A (or B) has been reached. When a mixture is applied, the decision-making network will probabilistically choose DA or DB, influenced by the proportion of A ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... cause Horner’s syndrome. The role of sympathetic systems regulating pupil diameter should be also investigated if any light reflex anomalies are observed during SAH. In the current study it was noticed that superior cevical ganglia neuron density has an interesting role on the regulation of pupil di ...
... cause Horner’s syndrome. The role of sympathetic systems regulating pupil diameter should be also investigated if any light reflex anomalies are observed during SAH. In the current study it was noticed that superior cevical ganglia neuron density has an interesting role on the regulation of pupil di ...
Document
... Axon: The length of this structure can vary greatly: although most are several millimeters in length, some can be as long as 3 feet. Terminal Buttons: These are small bulges that look like the name of the structure. Myelin Sheath: This is a protective coating of fat and protein. The thicker it is th ...
... Axon: The length of this structure can vary greatly: although most are several millimeters in length, some can be as long as 3 feet. Terminal Buttons: These are small bulges that look like the name of the structure. Myelin Sheath: This is a protective coating of fat and protein. The thicker it is th ...
neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events
... recognition memory12, adaptation has been linked to various perceptual illusions, such as the TILT AFTER-EFFECT, and to optimization of information transmission through TEMPORAL DECORRELATION20. So, the same biophysical mechanism seems to contribute to two different behavioural effects depending on ...
... recognition memory12, adaptation has been linked to various perceptual illusions, such as the TILT AFTER-EFFECT, and to optimization of information transmission through TEMPORAL DECORRELATION20. So, the same biophysical mechanism seems to contribute to two different behavioural effects depending on ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... belonging to bursts are considered. In monkeys performing a motion discrimination task, the burst rate was found to reflect the direction of visual stimulus better than the average firing rate (Bair et al., 1994). In vitro, bursts of pyramidal neurons were found to underlie population synchrony in t ...
... belonging to bursts are considered. In monkeys performing a motion discrimination task, the burst rate was found to reflect the direction of visual stimulus better than the average firing rate (Bair et al., 1994). In vitro, bursts of pyramidal neurons were found to underlie population synchrony in t ...
Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity
... morphologic form during a critical period. FMRP may be regulated by neuronal activity, specifically glutamatergic signals known to affect dendritic spines and synaptic plasticity. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) can stimulate the local synthesis of FMRP (Weiler et al., 1997) a ...
... morphologic form during a critical period. FMRP may be regulated by neuronal activity, specifically glutamatergic signals known to affect dendritic spines and synaptic plasticity. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) can stimulate the local synthesis of FMRP (Weiler et al., 1997) a ...
leukodystrophy - United Leukodystrophy Foundation
... What is Myelin? Myelin, sometimes referred to as "white matter" because of its white, fatty appearance, protects and insulates the axons. It consists of a protective sheath of ...
... What is Myelin? Myelin, sometimes referred to as "white matter" because of its white, fatty appearance, protects and insulates the axons. It consists of a protective sheath of ...
Encoding and Retrieval of Episodic Memories: Role of Hippocampus
... more abstract models of the performance of human subjects in free recall and recognition (Metcalfe and Murdock 1981; Gillund and Shiffrin, 1984; Chappell and Humphreys, 1994). At the same time, as described below, this model is closely related to many previous theories of the function of individual ...
... more abstract models of the performance of human subjects in free recall and recognition (Metcalfe and Murdock 1981; Gillund and Shiffrin, 1984; Chappell and Humphreys, 1994). At the same time, as described below, this model is closely related to many previous theories of the function of individual ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
... -Be able to describe the effect of the substantia pars compacta on the direct and indirect pathways. -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, exe ...
Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior
... FIGURE 2.20 A circle is flashed to the left brain of a split-brain patient, and he is asked what he saw. He easily replies, “A circle.” He can also pick out the circle by merely touching shapes with his right hand, out of sight behind a screen. However, his left hand can’t identify the circle. If a ...
... FIGURE 2.20 A circle is flashed to the left brain of a split-brain patient, and he is asked what he saw. He easily replies, “A circle.” He can also pick out the circle by merely touching shapes with his right hand, out of sight behind a screen. However, his left hand can’t identify the circle. If a ...
Nonlinear Population Codes - Department of Nonlinear Dynamics
... that long-range positive correlations that vary smoothly with the functional distance between the neurons lead to saturation of the accuracy by which the stimulus parameters can be extracted to a nite value, even in the limit of innitely large ensembles. This work, however, was limited to stimulus ...
... that long-range positive correlations that vary smoothly with the functional distance between the neurons lead to saturation of the accuracy by which the stimulus parameters can be extracted to a nite value, even in the limit of innitely large ensembles. This work, however, was limited to stimulus ...
Cortical Plasticity - Lund University Publications
... The receptors in the skin are of different types, but for the submodality touch, the peripheral terminals of the dorsal root ganglion neurons, which as mentioned above, are sensitive to tactile stimulation, are encapsulated in non-neural structures called corpuscles. These structures alter the touch ...
... The receptors in the skin are of different types, but for the submodality touch, the peripheral terminals of the dorsal root ganglion neurons, which as mentioned above, are sensitive to tactile stimulation, are encapsulated in non-neural structures called corpuscles. These structures alter the touch ...
Chapter 96: Molecular And Cellular Biology Of Addiction
... proteins, they may be particularly vulnerable to ethanolmediated changes in their lipid environment. The alternative hypothesis is that ethanol interacts with specific hydrophobic regions of these proteins to produce allosteric changes in structure, but the convincing demonstration of such interacti ...
... proteins, they may be particularly vulnerable to ethanolmediated changes in their lipid environment. The alternative hypothesis is that ethanol interacts with specific hydrophobic regions of these proteins to produce allosteric changes in structure, but the convincing demonstration of such interacti ...
Training
... summarizes all the information about the past behavior of the system that is needed to uniquely describe its future behavior, except for the purely external effects arising from the applied input (excitation). Let the q-by-1 vector x(n) denote the state of a nonlinear discrete-time system. Let the m ...
... summarizes all the information about the past behavior of the system that is needed to uniquely describe its future behavior, except for the purely external effects arising from the applied input (excitation). Let the q-by-1 vector x(n) denote the state of a nonlinear discrete-time system. Let the m ...
Locus coeruleus - Rice CAAM Department
... nucleus is the principal site for brain synthesis of noradrenaline (or "NA", also known as norepinephrine or "NE"). It is composed of mostly medium-size neurons. Melanin granules inside the neurons of the LC contribute to its blue color. Thus, it is also known as the nucleus pigmentosus pontis, mean ...
... nucleus is the principal site for brain synthesis of noradrenaline (or "NA", also known as norepinephrine or "NE"). It is composed of mostly medium-size neurons. Melanin granules inside the neurons of the LC contribute to its blue color. Thus, it is also known as the nucleus pigmentosus pontis, mean ...
May 21, 04copy.doc
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
The Brain - Personal
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take ...
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas • Send outputs to multiple areas, including the premotor cortex • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take ...
Neural correlates for perception of 3d surface orientation from texture
... of mitochondria in unc-84(n369) was normal (Fig. 4C), suggesting that ANC-1 does not require UNC-84 to anchor mitochondria as it does for nuclear anchorage. Our model (fig. S4) suggests that ANC-1 functions to anchor nuclei by tethering the nucleus to the actin cytoskeleton and predicts that the KAS ...
... of mitochondria in unc-84(n369) was normal (Fig. 4C), suggesting that ANC-1 does not require UNC-84 to anchor mitochondria as it does for nuclear anchorage. Our model (fig. S4) suggests that ANC-1 functions to anchor nuclei by tethering the nucleus to the actin cytoskeleton and predicts that the KAS ...
The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in
... respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either enhance or suppress the response to sound [1,2]. There are also other possibilities of interaction between somatosensory and the auditory stimuli. Thus the fact that some cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus receive somatosensory ...
... respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either enhance or suppress the response to sound [1,2]. There are also other possibilities of interaction between somatosensory and the auditory stimuli. Thus the fact that some cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus receive somatosensory ...
Regular Spiking and Intrinsic Bursting Pyramidal Cells
... of LV neurons (Hofer et al., 2009; Trachtenberg et al., 2002; Wilbrecht et al., 2010). LV is a major output projection layer of the cortex and in the somatosensory system sends connections to a variety of subcortical targets including trigeminal, pontine, thalamic, striatal, and collicular locations ...
... of LV neurons (Hofer et al., 2009; Trachtenberg et al., 2002; Wilbrecht et al., 2010). LV is a major output projection layer of the cortex and in the somatosensory system sends connections to a variety of subcortical targets including trigeminal, pontine, thalamic, striatal, and collicular locations ...
Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition
... Psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmitter activity in the brain Used to treat depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Example: Prozac) ...
... Psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmitter activity in the brain Used to treat depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Example: Prozac) ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... distinct groupings of motor neurons also expressed different combinations of cadherins (Figure S1; summarized in Figure S1P). Notably, based on dual immunohistochemistry for Hb9 expression with cadherin in situ hybridization, we were able to distinguish two subsets of the ventral hypoglossal motor n ...
... distinct groupings of motor neurons also expressed different combinations of cadherins (Figure S1; summarized in Figure S1P). Notably, based on dual immunohistochemistry for Hb9 expression with cadherin in situ hybridization, we were able to distinguish two subsets of the ventral hypoglossal motor n ...
The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... not just on the properties of the stimulus but also on its context, on other features in the visual field. The Gestalt psychologists argued that the visual system processes sensory information about the shape, color, distance, and movement of objects according to computational rules inherent in the ...
... not just on the properties of the stimulus but also on its context, on other features in the visual field. The Gestalt psychologists argued that the visual system processes sensory information about the shape, color, distance, and movement of objects according to computational rules inherent in the ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.