Autistic-Spectrum-Disorders-Current
... • Inversion of the pattern of hemispheric activation was found in autistic children • ↑ cortical activity RT hemisphere posteriorly, including the centro-parietal and temporo-occipital sites ...
... • Inversion of the pattern of hemispheric activation was found in autistic children • ↑ cortical activity RT hemisphere posteriorly, including the centro-parietal and temporo-occipital sites ...
The role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and
... A study provided evidence in favor of the action understanding theory. Even while a meaningful object was hidden and the last part of a movement could not be seen, some mirror neurons still fired. The monkeys saw beforehand if there was an object present or not. Mirror neurons did not fire when the ...
... A study provided evidence in favor of the action understanding theory. Even while a meaningful object was hidden and the last part of a movement could not be seen, some mirror neurons still fired. The monkeys saw beforehand if there was an object present or not. Mirror neurons did not fire when the ...
... remedy. A portion of the vulnerability to addiction may be attributed to genetic differences. For example, addictive behaviors tend to run in families, yet the contribution Figure 4: Nature vs. nurture: are of genetics and environmental factors is complex and some people more likely to be addicted t ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme selectively enriched in cholinergic neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the po ...
... acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthetic enzyme selectively enriched in cholinergic neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the po ...
UNRAVELING THE SENSE OF SMELL
... change in the structure of an odorant can change its perceived odor. For example, the close relative of a chemical that is perceived as pear can have the scent of an apple. In addition to odorants, the olfactory system detects pheromones, chemicals that are released from animals and act on members o ...
... change in the structure of an odorant can change its perceived odor. For example, the close relative of a chemical that is perceived as pear can have the scent of an apple. In addition to odorants, the olfactory system detects pheromones, chemicals that are released from animals and act on members o ...
The role of early visual cortex in visual integration: a neural model of
... the number of distractors. This suggests a parallel and ‘preattentive’ mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them inc ...
... the number of distractors. This suggests a parallel and ‘preattentive’ mechanism that can be implemented by the early retinotopic visual areas. On the other hand, when both target and distractors are composed of similar elementary features, the amount of time required to distinguish between them inc ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... recording have been described previously (Blagburn, 1989). To confirm the origin of the SIN EPSPs, the SI hair was left mobile and its tip was stuck to a broken micropipette coated with petroleum jelly; this was mounted on a loudspeaker which was driven by a pulse generator. Movement of the hair sel ...
... recording have been described previously (Blagburn, 1989). To confirm the origin of the SIN EPSPs, the SI hair was left mobile and its tip was stuck to a broken micropipette coated with petroleum jelly; this was mounted on a loudspeaker which was driven by a pulse generator. Movement of the hair sel ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... nonlinearity (Dean and Tolhurst, 1986; Carandini and Heeger, 1994). Nonlinear temporal dynamics is likely to contribute to a number of features exhibited by V1 cells, including direction selectivity (Reid et al., 1991; Jagadeesh et al., 1993; Tolhurst and Heeger, 1997) and velocity tuning (Orban et ...
... nonlinearity (Dean and Tolhurst, 1986; Carandini and Heeger, 1994). Nonlinear temporal dynamics is likely to contribute to a number of features exhibited by V1 cells, including direction selectivity (Reid et al., 1991; Jagadeesh et al., 1993; Tolhurst and Heeger, 1997) and velocity tuning (Orban et ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... for processing extremely large amounts of information about the states of body parts, of objects around us, and of ongoing brain activities. This variety of state information is conveyed to the cerebellum by its numerous MF inputs. The state of body parts comes from our kinesthetic receptors, which ...
... for processing extremely large amounts of information about the states of body parts, of objects around us, and of ongoing brain activities. This variety of state information is conveyed to the cerebellum by its numerous MF inputs. The state of body parts comes from our kinesthetic receptors, which ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Conclusions and future directions. . . . . . . . Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... Conclusions and future directions. . . . . . . . Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... expressed in the AC neurons using TrpA1 SH-Gal4. The AC neurons of the control flies were activated twice as the temperature were continually perfused with modified stanincreased (A). The bar graph shows the mean percentage of fluorescence increase (⌬F/F ) of the AC neurons during the first dard sol ...
... expressed in the AC neurons using TrpA1 SH-Gal4. The AC neurons of the control flies were activated twice as the temperature were continually perfused with modified stanincreased (A). The bar graph shows the mean percentage of fluorescence increase (⌬F/F ) of the AC neurons during the first dard sol ...
judasMRT99
... circuits, and programmed cell death. For example, NO mediates the switch from proliferation to cytostasis during the terminal differentiation of neuronal precursor cells (Peunova and Enikolopov, 1995), rapidly and reversibly inhibits growth of neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro (H ...
... circuits, and programmed cell death. For example, NO mediates the switch from proliferation to cytostasis during the terminal differentiation of neuronal precursor cells (Peunova and Enikolopov, 1995), rapidly and reversibly inhibits growth of neurites of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro (H ...
Development of the CNS - Yeasting
... Regular ectoderm is brought closer together Neural groove ultimately closes on its dorsal aspect and gives rise to neural tube As this closure occurs, neural crest cells migrate downward and ultimately lie lateral to neural tube Now, neuroepithelium comprises the neural tube Fusion of the ...
... Regular ectoderm is brought closer together Neural groove ultimately closes on its dorsal aspect and gives rise to neural tube As this closure occurs, neural crest cells migrate downward and ultimately lie lateral to neural tube Now, neuroepithelium comprises the neural tube Fusion of the ...
A Curious Commentary on a Book on Mirror Neurons and Other
... from apraxia to ALS to cerebral palsy), one fails to find the effects one expects given how fundamental the system is proposed to be for action understanding. RS may still want to argue that the system is so pervasive—on par with EPSPs!—that there is no way to put the theory to a strong test. As Riz ...
... from apraxia to ALS to cerebral palsy), one fails to find the effects one expects given how fundamental the system is proposed to be for action understanding. RS may still want to argue that the system is so pervasive—on par with EPSPs!—that there is no way to put the theory to a strong test. As Riz ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... nonlinearity (Dean and Tolhurst, 1986; C arandini and Heeger, 1994). Nonlinear temporal dynamics is likely to contribute to a number of features exhibited by V1 cells, including direction selectivity (Reid et al., 1991; Jagadeesh et al., 1993; Tolhurst and Heeger, 1997) and velocity tuning (Orban et ...
... nonlinearity (Dean and Tolhurst, 1986; C arandini and Heeger, 1994). Nonlinear temporal dynamics is likely to contribute to a number of features exhibited by V1 cells, including direction selectivity (Reid et al., 1991; Jagadeesh et al., 1993; Tolhurst and Heeger, 1997) and velocity tuning (Orban et ...
The effect of learning on the face selective responses of neurons in
... because they are in a part of the brain which may well be involved in storing the representations of visual stimuli, these neurons were used as a model system to investigate the neurophysiological changes which occur in a population of neurons when that population stores new information. In this stu ...
... because they are in a part of the brain which may well be involved in storing the representations of visual stimuli, these neurons were used as a model system to investigate the neurophysiological changes which occur in a population of neurons when that population stores new information. In this stu ...
The Basics of Brain Development | SpringerLink
... neurons. There are two kinds of connecting fibers, dendrites and axons (see Fig. 2). Dendrites are arrays of short fibers that look like the branches of a tree; collections of dendrites are often referred to as dendritic arbors. They extend only a short distance away from the neuron cell body. Their ...
... neurons. There are two kinds of connecting fibers, dendrites and axons (see Fig. 2). Dendrites are arrays of short fibers that look like the branches of a tree; collections of dendrites are often referred to as dendritic arbors. They extend only a short distance away from the neuron cell body. Their ...
Visual circuits in flies: beginning to see the whole picture
... The subtraction is implemented through a push–pull mechanism [30], where excitatory cholinergic inputs from T4 and T5 and inhibitory GABAergic inputs from interneurons are spatially integrated on the LPTC dendrites. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2015, 34:125–132 ...
... The subtraction is implemented through a push–pull mechanism [30], where excitatory cholinergic inputs from T4 and T5 and inhibitory GABAergic inputs from interneurons are spatially integrated on the LPTC dendrites. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2015, 34:125–132 ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... Scott, 2006). Geisler et al. (2007) investigated the glutamatergic inputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by a combination of retrograde tracing method and in situ hybridization histochemistry for VGLUTs and demonstrated that some retrogradely labeled neurons displayed the signals for VGLUT3 in ...
... Scott, 2006). Geisler et al. (2007) investigated the glutamatergic inputs to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) by a combination of retrograde tracing method and in situ hybridization histochemistry for VGLUTs and demonstrated that some retrogradely labeled neurons displayed the signals for VGLUT3 in ...
Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction
... period of time. PET scans of human brains have shown that glucose metabolism is reduced even three months after the last use of cocaine. Remember, that glucose metabolism is an indicator of how active the brain cells are. If the neurons are using less glucose, they are not as active. The changes tha ...
... period of time. PET scans of human brains have shown that glucose metabolism is reduced even three months after the last use of cocaine. Remember, that glucose metabolism is an indicator of how active the brain cells are. If the neurons are using less glucose, they are not as active. The changes tha ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... parabelt region. This density gradient reflects progressive reductions in both staining density and width of the IIIb/IV band along the core–belt–parabelt axis. Although the functional significance of these anatomical gradients is not well understood, it is reasonable to suppose that they contribute t ...
... parabelt region. This density gradient reflects progressive reductions in both staining density and width of the IIIb/IV band along the core–belt–parabelt axis. Although the functional significance of these anatomical gradients is not well understood, it is reasonable to suppose that they contribute t ...
Document
... Information is stored and processed in a neural network simultaneously throughout the whole network, rather than at specific locations. In other words, in neural networks, both data and its processing are global rather than local. Learning is a fundamental and essential characteristic of biological ...
... Information is stored and processed in a neural network simultaneously throughout the whole network, rather than at specific locations. In other words, in neural networks, both data and its processing are global rather than local. Learning is a fundamental and essential characteristic of biological ...
The Basal Ganglia and Involuntary Movements
... and excessive disinhibition of motor cortical areas. This would be reflected as enhanced facilitation and possibly expansion of the “center” of the present centersurround model (Figure 1). An alternative scheme, based on reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the striatum in dystonic monkeys and in ...
... and excessive disinhibition of motor cortical areas. This would be reflected as enhanced facilitation and possibly expansion of the “center” of the present centersurround model (Figure 1). An alternative scheme, based on reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the striatum in dystonic monkeys and in ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
Practice Questions for Neuro Anatomy Exam 1 Which of the
... signal is descending from CNS to the body? a. Ventral root b. Dorsal root c. Afferent ...
... signal is descending from CNS to the body? a. Ventral root b. Dorsal root c. Afferent ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.