Psychological and Neuroscientific Connections with Reinforcement
... Shah: Psychology, Neuroscience, and RL (preprint) presentations are intermixed during training: CSA alone paired with the US, and the simultaneous presentation of CSA and CSB with the US omitted. Subsequent pairing of CSB alone with the US results in a lower rate of CR acquisition relative to anima ...
... Shah: Psychology, Neuroscience, and RL (preprint) presentations are intermixed during training: CSA alone paired with the US, and the simultaneous presentation of CSA and CSB with the US omitted. Subsequent pairing of CSB alone with the US results in a lower rate of CR acquisition relative to anima ...
1 The Brain and Behavior
... One reason this conclusion eluded investigators for so many years lies in another organizational principle of the nervous system known as parallel distributed processing. As we shall see below, many sensory, motor, and cognitive functions are served by more than one neural pathway. When one function ...
... One reason this conclusion eluded investigators for so many years lies in another organizational principle of the nervous system known as parallel distributed processing. As we shall see below, many sensory, motor, and cognitive functions are served by more than one neural pathway. When one function ...
Kenedy,Dehay Cell-cycle control and cortical development
... between modes are not completely understood46. Mechanisms determining neuron number. The computations carried out by the cerebral cortex require specific patterns of connections between precise numbers of diverse types of neurons51. One possibility is that there is a tight spatio-temporal control of ...
... between modes are not completely understood46. Mechanisms determining neuron number. The computations carried out by the cerebral cortex require specific patterns of connections between precise numbers of diverse types of neurons51. One possibility is that there is a tight spatio-temporal control of ...
Afferent Input to Nucleus Submedius in Rats
... medially, and laterally. The results of these injections are included for 2 main reasons.First, since our data indicate that neurons in the marginal zone of the spinal cord do not appear to project to Sm, it is possiblethat they may project to an area near Sm. Theseinjections should reveal the prese ...
... medially, and laterally. The results of these injections are included for 2 main reasons.First, since our data indicate that neurons in the marginal zone of the spinal cord do not appear to project to Sm, it is possiblethat they may project to an area near Sm. Theseinjections should reveal the prese ...
Word`s - Semiosis Evolution Energy
... something received whole from the environment and then presented to the mind. Rather, the evolution of the eye itself rests upon the evolution of a cell that over eons of interaction has been tuned to respond selectively to a range of photon configurations in the surrounding environment. Such cells ...
... something received whole from the environment and then presented to the mind. Rather, the evolution of the eye itself rests upon the evolution of a cell that over eons of interaction has been tuned to respond selectively to a range of photon configurations in the surrounding environment. Such cells ...
computer modelling of neural network of undeveloped living creatures
... applied in calculations but this distance is not applied in the modelling of the beetle, every beetle and the food are point-like object. The food for a predacious beetle is a plant-eating beetle. A predacious beetle has sensor for detecting the wall, too. 2. ANN The starter arrangement is shown in ...
... applied in calculations but this distance is not applied in the modelling of the beetle, every beetle and the food are point-like object. The food for a predacious beetle is a plant-eating beetle. A predacious beetle has sensor for detecting the wall, too. 2. ANN The starter arrangement is shown in ...
Cell-cycle control and cortical development - Stem
... between modes are not completely understood46. Mechanisms determining neuron number. The computations carried out by the cerebral cortex require specific patterns of connections between precise numbers of diverse types of neurons51. One possibility is that there is a tight spatio-temporal control of ...
... between modes are not completely understood46. Mechanisms determining neuron number. The computations carried out by the cerebral cortex require specific patterns of connections between precise numbers of diverse types of neurons51. One possibility is that there is a tight spatio-temporal control of ...
CHAPTER TWO
... 2.2 Models of a Neuron A neuron is an information-processing unit that is fundamental to the operation of a neural network. Figure 2.1 shows the model for a neuron. We may identify three basic elements of the neuron model, as described here: 1. A set of synapses or connecting links, each of which is ...
... 2.2 Models of a Neuron A neuron is an information-processing unit that is fundamental to the operation of a neural network. Figure 2.1 shows the model for a neuron. We may identify three basic elements of the neuron model, as described here: 1. A set of synapses or connecting links, each of which is ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... example, neurons with responses confirmed as visual in further testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and du ...
... example, neurons with responses confirmed as visual in further testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and du ...
In transverse section, the spinal cord features: -
... Fig. 15. Meninges are connective tissue layers surrounding the brain, the spinal cord, and the roots of peripheral nerves. The pia mater (P) is a delicate connective tissue layer attached directly to the white matter of the spinal cord. The dura mater (D) is a thick connective tissue layer. It is t ...
... Fig. 15. Meninges are connective tissue layers surrounding the brain, the spinal cord, and the roots of peripheral nerves. The pia mater (P) is a delicate connective tissue layer attached directly to the white matter of the spinal cord. The dura mater (D) is a thick connective tissue layer. It is t ...
1-Student`s Refexes
... is, the greater is the spread of activity in the spinal cord, involving and recruiting more and more other motor neurons . when the sole of the foot is stimulated by a weak painful stimulus, only the big toe is flexed. A stronger stimulus will cause reflex flexion of the big toe , other toes , plus ...
... is, the greater is the spread of activity in the spinal cord, involving and recruiting more and more other motor neurons . when the sole of the foot is stimulated by a weak painful stimulus, only the big toe is flexed. A stronger stimulus will cause reflex flexion of the big toe , other toes , plus ...
Second-Order Patterns in Human Visual Cortex`` on ``Orientation
... J Neurophysiol 95:591-592, 2006. doi:10.1152/jn.01039.2005 ...
... J Neurophysiol 95:591-592, 2006. doi:10.1152/jn.01039.2005 ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and Henkel, 1987; Saint Marie et al., 1989; Saint Marie and Baker, 1990; Li and Kelly, 1992; Riquelme et al., 2001). Likewise, projections from the IC to the MGB are also excitator ...
... and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and Henkel, 1987; Saint Marie et al., 1989; Saint Marie and Baker, 1990; Li and Kelly, 1992; Riquelme et al., 2001). Likewise, projections from the IC to the MGB are also excitator ...
On the Prediction Methods Using Neural Networks
... layers, number of neurons on each layer, the interconnections among the neurons, etc.), neuron characteristics and learning algorithm. [6] The artificial neural networks are modelling at a very small scale the activity of the brain in order to gain knowledge or to give a response to a given stimulus ...
... layers, number of neurons on each layer, the interconnections among the neurons, etc.), neuron characteristics and learning algorithm. [6] The artificial neural networks are modelling at a very small scale the activity of the brain in order to gain knowledge or to give a response to a given stimulus ...
Lecture 37 Notes - MIT OpenCourseWare
... Question about tangential fibers (orthogonal to the radial fascicles): What is the line of Gennari (see Nauta & Feirtag, fig. 112) ? It gives the striate cortex its name. Gennari’s line is a layer of mostly tangential fibers in the human primary visual cortex, named after the Italian medical studen ...
... Question about tangential fibers (orthogonal to the radial fascicles): What is the line of Gennari (see Nauta & Feirtag, fig. 112) ? It gives the striate cortex its name. Gennari’s line is a layer of mostly tangential fibers in the human primary visual cortex, named after the Italian medical studen ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
... thousands of different odours. Linked to this is a poor understanding of structure– odour relationships, with the subsequent inability to predict the odour properties of a compound from its molecular structure. The dominant theory of smell— known as odotope theory or weak-shape theory—says that the ...
... thousands of different odours. Linked to this is a poor understanding of structure– odour relationships, with the subsequent inability to predict the odour properties of a compound from its molecular structure. The dominant theory of smell— known as odotope theory or weak-shape theory—says that the ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... 2005). For example, if a site in cortex responds to touching the left cheek and to visual stimuli near or approaching the left cheek, then stimulation of that site evokes a squint, a folding back of the left ear, a rightward turning of the head, a lifting of the left shoulder, and a rapid lifting a ...
... 2005). For example, if a site in cortex responds to touching the left cheek and to visual stimuli near or approaching the left cheek, then stimulation of that site evokes a squint, a folding back of the left ear, a rightward turning of the head, a lifting of the left shoulder, and a rapid lifting a ...
Associative memory properties of multiple cortical modules
... The case of stimulation of the input modules with cues close to features which are non-associated in the connections (inconsistent or contradictory stimulation) also offers the possibility to explore the nature of the interactions between the modules. In fact, the interaction between different senso ...
... The case of stimulation of the input modules with cues close to features which are non-associated in the connections (inconsistent or contradictory stimulation) also offers the possibility to explore the nature of the interactions between the modules. In fact, the interaction between different senso ...
Cell Bio 5- SDL Spinal Reflexes Circuits A neuron never works
... • Withdrawal reflexes refer more generally to other body parts – May not use flexor muscles • The neural pathway for the flexor reflex involves multiple types of interneurons – Diverging circuits • Activation of other muscles – Reciprocal inhibition circuits – Reverberating circuits • Reverberating ...
... • Withdrawal reflexes refer more generally to other body parts – May not use flexor muscles • The neural pathway for the flexor reflex involves multiple types of interneurons – Diverging circuits • Activation of other muscles – Reciprocal inhibition circuits – Reverberating circuits • Reverberating ...
NF- Protocadherin in the Neural Tube
... use a dominant negative version of NFPC, lacking the extracellular domain (NF∆E) whose expression is driven by the beta-tubulin promoter. This construct is selectively expressed and visualized by HRP staining against the myc- tag fused to the construct (F4, C). The stripped expression pattern along ...
... use a dominant negative version of NFPC, lacking the extracellular domain (NF∆E) whose expression is driven by the beta-tubulin promoter. This construct is selectively expressed and visualized by HRP staining against the myc- tag fused to the construct (F4, C). The stripped expression pattern along ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin Behavioral Neuroscience The
... Split-brain subjects could not name objects shown only to the right hemisphere. If asked to select these objects with their left hand, they succeeded. The left hemisphere controls speech, the right does not. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ...
... Split-brain subjects could not name objects shown only to the right hemisphere. If asked to select these objects with their left hand, they succeeded. The left hemisphere controls speech, the right does not. Psychology, 4/e by Saul Kassin ©2004 Prentice Hall ...
Target-Derived Neurotrophic Factors Regulate the
... timing of programmed neuronal death in developing forebrain structures may involve neurotrophic molecules produced locally within each structure (Ghosh et al., 1994; Meyer-Franke et al., 1995; Magowan and Price, 1996; Lotto et al., 1997). Do developing forebrain neurons require neurotrophic molecule ...
... timing of programmed neuronal death in developing forebrain structures may involve neurotrophic molecules produced locally within each structure (Ghosh et al., 1994; Meyer-Franke et al., 1995; Magowan and Price, 1996; Lotto et al., 1997). Do developing forebrain neurons require neurotrophic molecule ...
A High-Efficiency Protein Transduction System Demonstrating the
... into neurons and controlling subcellular localization of these substances within the neurons of brain slices would be advantageous in many experiments. Recently, a human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein transduction system has been shown to transduce biologically active proteins into cells (Nagaha ...
... into neurons and controlling subcellular localization of these substances within the neurons of brain slices would be advantageous in many experiments. Recently, a human immunodeficiency virus TAT protein transduction system has been shown to transduce biologically active proteins into cells (Nagaha ...
The nature of neuronal words and language
... refractory period, and until the ionic gradients are reestablished, a second spike cannot be generated. In addition, following the absolute refractory period there is a relative refractory period where only a strong stimulus can generate a second AP, and following this period there is a period of lo ...
... refractory period, and until the ionic gradients are reestablished, a second spike cannot be generated. In addition, following the absolute refractory period there is a relative refractory period where only a strong stimulus can generate a second AP, and following this period there is a period of lo ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.