Olfactory modulation by dopamine in the context of aversive learning
... The insect olfactory system has evolved several modulatory systems to maximize foraging efficiency for resources that are patchy in their distribution. For instance, the flowers of Datura wrightii (a host plant of the moth Manduca sexta) open in the early evening, making them a temporally patchy res ...
... The insect olfactory system has evolved several modulatory systems to maximize foraging efficiency for resources that are patchy in their distribution. For instance, the flowers of Datura wrightii (a host plant of the moth Manduca sexta) open in the early evening, making them a temporally patchy res ...
Chemosensory Systems
... of the ventral posterior-medial nucleus, medial to the somatosensory representation of the tongue] via the central tegmental tract [Fig. 32-17]. In rats, NST taste neurons project not to the thalamus but nearby to a parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the pons, which, in turn, projects to thalamus. Thalam ...
... of the ventral posterior-medial nucleus, medial to the somatosensory representation of the tongue] via the central tegmental tract [Fig. 32-17]. In rats, NST taste neurons project not to the thalamus but nearby to a parabrachial nucleus (PBN) in the pons, which, in turn, projects to thalamus. Thalam ...
Leading tonically active neurons of the striatum from reward
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...
... important for reward-related learning. Recent studies investigating the functional properties of TANs in behaving monkeys have shown that other factors beyond motivation can affect their responsiveness. There is now evidence that TAN responses reflect stimulus detection, movement control and recogni ...
The honeybee as a model for understanding the basis of cognition
... more centralized processing of higher order functions in the honeybee. The digital three-dimensional standard atlas of the bee brain (BOX 1) provides a useful reference for identifying and classifying neurons, as well as for determining their contribution to neural networks. So far, about 40 indivi ...
... more centralized processing of higher order functions in the honeybee. The digital three-dimensional standard atlas of the bee brain (BOX 1) provides a useful reference for identifying and classifying neurons, as well as for determining their contribution to neural networks. So far, about 40 indivi ...
SCIENCE 101: Cranial Nerve I: The Olfactory Nerve
... something there. That something is the thalamus, the great relay center of the brain. That's because the olfactory system doesn't HIT the thalamus, and this is the ONLY cranial nerve which misses it (though in higher level processing, correlating smells with memories, etc, it will go through the tha ...
... something there. That something is the thalamus, the great relay center of the brain. That's because the olfactory system doesn't HIT the thalamus, and this is the ONLY cranial nerve which misses it (though in higher level processing, correlating smells with memories, etc, it will go through the tha ...
PowerPoint to accompany Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... • Know how and why certain neurons are myelinated. • Know what cell are involved in myelination. • Know the structure of a myelinated neuron. ...
... • Know how and why certain neurons are myelinated. • Know what cell are involved in myelination. • Know the structure of a myelinated neuron. ...
short communication - Deep Blue
... it is possible through appropriate interneuron activity to shift an element from one intrinsic pattern to another qualitatively different pattern. Recent studies have shown that input from sensory elements in the stomach may affect the rhythmic output of the stomatogastric ganglion (Dando & Laverack ...
... it is possible through appropriate interneuron activity to shift an element from one intrinsic pattern to another qualitatively different pattern. Recent studies have shown that input from sensory elements in the stomach may affect the rhythmic output of the stomatogastric ganglion (Dando & Laverack ...
The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex
... increased concertedly with A as a power function of exponent 0.123 (P ⫽ 0.058, Fig. 2b). The small exponent implies that larger cortices increase only slightly in thickness. For instance, Papio sp., with a 34⫻ larger cortical surface than Tupaia sp., had an only 1.9⫻ thicker gray matter (Table 1). A ...
... increased concertedly with A as a power function of exponent 0.123 (P ⫽ 0.058, Fig. 2b). The small exponent implies that larger cortices increase only slightly in thickness. For instance, Papio sp., with a 34⫻ larger cortical surface than Tupaia sp., had an only 1.9⫻ thicker gray matter (Table 1). A ...
Ch 11 lec 1
... sensory information from neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and projects to basal, accessory basal, and central nucleus of the amygdala. ...
... sensory information from neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and projects to basal, accessory basal, and central nucleus of the amygdala. ...
behavior?
... a feel for the complexity of the brain?) Keep in mind as you read the rest of this chapter that incoming signals from other neurons in the although we will describe simple one-to-one connections between neurons, this is merely for nervous system ease of discussion. The reality of the brain is much m ...
... a feel for the complexity of the brain?) Keep in mind as you read the rest of this chapter that incoming signals from other neurons in the although we will describe simple one-to-one connections between neurons, this is merely for nervous system ease of discussion. The reality of the brain is much m ...
Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development
... (Pritz and Stritzel 1990b), a fiber tract connecting the dorsal thalamus with the telencephalon. In Caiman, the thalamic reticular nucleus contains at least two groups of neurons based on immunocytochemical properties. One cell-type projects to the dorsal thalamic nuclei, is immunoreactive for parva ...
... (Pritz and Stritzel 1990b), a fiber tract connecting the dorsal thalamus with the telencephalon. In Caiman, the thalamic reticular nucleus contains at least two groups of neurons based on immunocytochemical properties. One cell-type projects to the dorsal thalamic nuclei, is immunoreactive for parva ...
How does an axon know where to go?
... - A growth cone is an enlargement at the end of a growing axon. - Contains several finger-like projections that are called filopodia and sheet-like projections called lamellipodia. - Filopodia and lamellipodia contain actin-filaments. - The growth cone core or central domain contains microtubules, m ...
... - A growth cone is an enlargement at the end of a growing axon. - Contains several finger-like projections that are called filopodia and sheet-like projections called lamellipodia. - Filopodia and lamellipodia contain actin-filaments. - The growth cone core or central domain contains microtubules, m ...
Textures of Natural Images in the Human Brain. Focus on
... Texture patterns— homogeneous regions of repeated structures—are the predominant feature of natural visual scenes. The zebra, a 1938 optical art painting by Victor Vasarely, illustrates how different textures segregate and define figures from their background. Despite the ease with which we perceive ...
... Texture patterns— homogeneous regions of repeated structures—are the predominant feature of natural visual scenes. The zebra, a 1938 optical art painting by Victor Vasarely, illustrates how different textures segregate and define figures from their background. Despite the ease with which we perceive ...
B - CommuniGate Pro uni
... these problems, we have established a new in vitro system, the organotypic c o r t e x - s t r i a t u m co-culture. In such a system the s p o n t a n e o u s activity o f the cortical culture is sufficient to drive the striatal network and, moreover, a visual selection of striatal interneurons is ...
... these problems, we have established a new in vitro system, the organotypic c o r t e x - s t r i a t u m co-culture. In such a system the s p o n t a n e o u s activity o f the cortical culture is sufficient to drive the striatal network and, moreover, a visual selection of striatal interneurons is ...
Cerebral Cortex Lect
... become excited first. Next sensory information is relayed to association areas of cortex. Primary auditory area — high frequency tones; activate neurons in the caudal sylvian gyrus; low frequency tones activate neurons in the rostral sylvian gyrus (tonotopic organization). Primary Visual Area—cell c ...
... become excited first. Next sensory information is relayed to association areas of cortex. Primary auditory area — high frequency tones; activate neurons in the caudal sylvian gyrus; low frequency tones activate neurons in the rostral sylvian gyrus (tonotopic organization). Primary Visual Area—cell c ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... microinjection of morphine [24]). In opioid naïve rats, morphine CPP is not blocked by systemic αflupenthixol, a non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist. In contrast, this same dose of α-flupenthixol completely blocked morphine CPP in the opioid dependent rats. They observed the same pattern for ...
... microinjection of morphine [24]). In opioid naïve rats, morphine CPP is not blocked by systemic αflupenthixol, a non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist. In contrast, this same dose of α-flupenthixol completely blocked morphine CPP in the opioid dependent rats. They observed the same pattern for ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... two aspects of the same entity, the mind being one of the body’s functions. His views were further developed by Galen (131-201 AD) who founded the science of nervous system physiology. Galen recognized that nerves originate in the brain and the spinal cord, and not in the heart as Aristotle had main ...
... two aspects of the same entity, the mind being one of the body’s functions. His views were further developed by Galen (131-201 AD) who founded the science of nervous system physiology. Galen recognized that nerves originate in the brain and the spinal cord, and not in the heart as Aristotle had main ...
Chapter 11 ppt A
... The Axon: Functional Characteristics • Conducting region of neuron • Generates nerve impulses • Transmits them along axolemma (neuron cell membrane) to axon terminal – Secretory region – Neurotransmitters released into extracellular space • Either excite or inhibit neurons with which axons in close ...
... The Axon: Functional Characteristics • Conducting region of neuron • Generates nerve impulses • Transmits them along axolemma (neuron cell membrane) to axon terminal – Secretory region – Neurotransmitters released into extracellular space • Either excite or inhibit neurons with which axons in close ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... and r5, the glossopharyngeal nucleus (nucleus IX; BM and VM neurons) lies in r6 (in mice) or r6 and r7 (in chicks), and the vagus nucleus (nucleus X; BM and VM neurons) and cranial accessory nucleus (XI; BM neurons) occupy r7 and r8 (REF.10) (FIG. 2). In the caudal hindbrain, the abducens nucleus (n ...
... and r5, the glossopharyngeal nucleus (nucleus IX; BM and VM neurons) lies in r6 (in mice) or r6 and r7 (in chicks), and the vagus nucleus (nucleus X; BM and VM neurons) and cranial accessory nucleus (XI; BM neurons) occupy r7 and r8 (REF.10) (FIG. 2). In the caudal hindbrain, the abducens nucleus (n ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
Information Processing in Motor Learning
... Efferent neurons Motor Carry signals from the brain Sport Books Publisher ...
... Efferent neurons Motor Carry signals from the brain Sport Books Publisher ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
Information Processing in Motor Learning
... Efferent neurons Motor Carry signals from the brain Sport Books Publisher ...
... Efferent neurons Motor Carry signals from the brain Sport Books Publisher ...
Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior
... The three bright spots are areas in the left brain related to language. The spot on the right is active during reading. The top-middle area is connected with speech. The area to the left, in the frontal lobe is linked with thinking about a word’s meaning (Montgomery, 1989). Table of Contents ...
... The three bright spots are areas in the left brain related to language. The spot on the right is active during reading. The top-middle area is connected with speech. The area to the left, in the frontal lobe is linked with thinking about a word’s meaning (Montgomery, 1989). Table of Contents ...
Andrea Kádár
... two neuron populations of arcuate nucleus (ARC): the anorexigenic α-MSH/CART neurons which stimulate TRH expression and the orexigenic AGRP/NPY neurons which have inhibitory effect on TRH transcription. During fasting α-MSH/CART neurons are inhibited and AGRP/NPY neurons are stimulated. Interestingl ...
... two neuron populations of arcuate nucleus (ARC): the anorexigenic α-MSH/CART neurons which stimulate TRH expression and the orexigenic AGRP/NPY neurons which have inhibitory effect on TRH transcription. During fasting α-MSH/CART neurons are inhibited and AGRP/NPY neurons are stimulated. Interestingl ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.