Large-Scale Fluorescence Calcium-Imaging
... To complement the new approaches for perturbing circuits, neuroscientists also need improved observational methods for probing the neural representations the mammalian brain uses normally for memory processing and storage. In many cases, these representations appear to be distributed over large netw ...
... To complement the new approaches for perturbing circuits, neuroscientists also need improved observational methods for probing the neural representations the mammalian brain uses normally for memory processing and storage. In many cases, these representations appear to be distributed over large netw ...
CCNBook/Neuron
... we know these models aren't just completely made up fantasies? The answer seems simple: the models must be constrained by data at as many levels as possible, and they must generate predictions that can then be tested empirically. In what follows, we discuss different approaches that people might tak ...
... we know these models aren't just completely made up fantasies? The answer seems simple: the models must be constrained by data at as many levels as possible, and they must generate predictions that can then be tested empirically. In what follows, we discuss different approaches that people might tak ...
BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR
... Neurons do two important things: They generate electricity, and they release chemicals. Nerve conduction is thus an electrochemical process. The electrical properties of neurons have been known for more than a century, but we have only recently begun to understand the chemical processes involved in ...
... Neurons do two important things: They generate electricity, and they release chemicals. Nerve conduction is thus an electrochemical process. The electrical properties of neurons have been known for more than a century, but we have only recently begun to understand the chemical processes involved in ...
Ch 48 Nervous System
... Both gates of the Na+ channels are closed, but the activation gates on some K+ channels are still open. As these gates close on most K+ channels, and the inactivation gates open on Na+ channels, the membrane returns to its resting state. ...
... Both gates of the Na+ channels are closed, but the activation gates on some K+ channels are still open. As these gates close on most K+ channels, and the inactivation gates open on Na+ channels, the membrane returns to its resting state. ...
The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste How does the nose and
... There are animals without vision, and there are some without hearing, but there are no animals without some form of chemical sense. Humans have about 9 million olfactory neurons, whereas there are 225 million olfactory neurons in dogs. Dogs and many other species can detect pheromones (chemicals re ...
... There are animals without vision, and there are some without hearing, but there are no animals without some form of chemical sense. Humans have about 9 million olfactory neurons, whereas there are 225 million olfactory neurons in dogs. Dogs and many other species can detect pheromones (chemicals re ...
neuronal types and their specification dynamics in
... of this system as the main regulator of the internal homeostasis (Purves, 2012). Both divisions share a similar architecture with inputs from the hypothalamus being transmitted first to pre-ganglionic neurons within the central nervous system and then to the postganglionic neurons in the peripheral ...
... of this system as the main regulator of the internal homeostasis (Purves, 2012). Both divisions share a similar architecture with inputs from the hypothalamus being transmitted first to pre-ganglionic neurons within the central nervous system and then to the postganglionic neurons in the peripheral ...
35-2 The Nervous System
... The inside of the membrane temporarily becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential. ...
... The inside of the membrane temporarily becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential. ...
The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible
... FIGURE 1 | Dynamics of assemblies evoked in direct and remote activation. (A) Fluorescence time-series from a representative experiment where a 30 V electrical pulse (0.1 ms in duration) was delivered to Layer II/III of agranular insular cortex (AIC, part of prefrontal cortex – PFC), focusing on pea ...
... FIGURE 1 | Dynamics of assemblies evoked in direct and remote activation. (A) Fluorescence time-series from a representative experiment where a 30 V electrical pulse (0.1 ms in duration) was delivered to Layer II/III of agranular insular cortex (AIC, part of prefrontal cortex – PFC), focusing on pea ...
video slide
... • Most of a neuron’s organelles are in the cell body • Most neurons have dendrites, highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons • The axon is typically a much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses • An axon joins the cell body at the axon hillock C ...
... • Most of a neuron’s organelles are in the cell body • Most neurons have dendrites, highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons • The axon is typically a much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses • An axon joins the cell body at the axon hillock C ...
Posterior cingulate cortex: adapting behavior to a
... thalamic nuclei, the caudate nucleus, OFC and ACC (Figure I). CGp also forms strong, reciprocal connections with the medial temporal lobe, especially the parahippocampal gyrus, long known to be crucial for associative learning and episodic memory (for a thorough review of neuroanatomical connections ...
... thalamic nuclei, the caudate nucleus, OFC and ACC (Figure I). CGp also forms strong, reciprocal connections with the medial temporal lobe, especially the parahippocampal gyrus, long known to be crucial for associative learning and episodic memory (for a thorough review of neuroanatomical connections ...
Visual Coding and the Retinal Receptors
... in space from which light strikes it. • For other visual cells, receptive fields are derived from the visual field of cells that either excite or inhibit. – Example: ganglion cells converge to form the receptive field of the next level of cells. ...
... in space from which light strikes it. • For other visual cells, receptive fields are derived from the visual field of cells that either excite or inhibit. – Example: ganglion cells converge to form the receptive field of the next level of cells. ...
paper - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
... reasoning and learning can also be cast into the form of probabilistic inference problems [27–29]. In these models learning of concepts, ranging from concrete to more abstract ones, is interpreted as inference in lower and successively higher levels of hierarchical probabilistic models, giving a con ...
... reasoning and learning can also be cast into the form of probabilistic inference problems [27–29]. In these models learning of concepts, ranging from concrete to more abstract ones, is interpreted as inference in lower and successively higher levels of hierarchical probabilistic models, giving a con ...
Physiology
... Threshold stimulus & potential Action potentials occur only when the membrane in stimulated (depolarized) enough so that sodium channels open completely. The minimum stimulus needed to achieve an action potential is called the .threshold stimulus The threshold stimulus causes the membrane potential ...
... Threshold stimulus & potential Action potentials occur only when the membrane in stimulated (depolarized) enough so that sodium channels open completely. The minimum stimulus needed to achieve an action potential is called the .threshold stimulus The threshold stimulus causes the membrane potential ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... Pia mater (L. tender mother): forms a thin barrier that adheres to the brain. As blood vessels penetrate the brain from the surrounding subarachnoid space, they are enveloped by pia mater, thereby maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Note that the pia mater is not usually discernable from brain tiss ...
... Pia mater (L. tender mother): forms a thin barrier that adheres to the brain. As blood vessels penetrate the brain from the surrounding subarachnoid space, they are enveloped by pia mater, thereby maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Note that the pia mater is not usually discernable from brain tiss ...
Differential Roles of the Frontal Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and
... between learned sequences and new sequences, as shown in Fig. 2. We asked the monkey to perform four learned hypersets and four new hypersets while we were recording from the same pre-SMA neuron. This typical pre-SMA neuron was nearly silent when the monkey performed well-learned sequences, whereas ...
... between learned sequences and new sequences, as shown in Fig. 2. We asked the monkey to perform four learned hypersets and four new hypersets while we were recording from the same pre-SMA neuron. This typical pre-SMA neuron was nearly silent when the monkey performed well-learned sequences, whereas ...
5Digital and analogical communication
... of the cortex in the acquisition, retention, and performance of more complex integrative functions are conditioned by the activities of all other parts”. Try to relate this with “cross-modal perception”, or to the construction of a visual image. The relationship of an organism to its environment ...
... of the cortex in the acquisition, retention, and performance of more complex integrative functions are conditioned by the activities of all other parts”. Try to relate this with “cross-modal perception”, or to the construction of a visual image. The relationship of an organism to its environment ...
An optical neural interface: in vivo control of rodent
... Neural interface technology has made enormous strides in recent years but stimulating electrodes remain incapable of reliably targeting specific cell types (e.g. excitatory or inhibitory neurons) within neural tissue. This obstacle has major scientific and clinical implications. For example, there i ...
... Neural interface technology has made enormous strides in recent years but stimulating electrodes remain incapable of reliably targeting specific cell types (e.g. excitatory or inhibitory neurons) within neural tissue. This obstacle has major scientific and clinical implications. For example, there i ...
ANS.Neuroscience.09
... • T1 to L2 ventral rami are connected to the sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes, which carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sympathetic chain • All the ventral rami receive postganglionic sympathetic fibers from sympathetic chain by a gray ramus • The sympathetic chains carry t ...
... • T1 to L2 ventral rami are connected to the sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes, which carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sympathetic chain • All the ventral rami receive postganglionic sympathetic fibers from sympathetic chain by a gray ramus • The sympathetic chains carry t ...
22. ANS.Neuroscience
... • T1 to L2 ventral rami are connected to the sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes, which carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sympathetic chain • All the ventral rami receive postganglionic sympathetic fibers from sympathetic chain by a gray ramus • The sympathetic chains carry t ...
... • T1 to L2 ventral rami are connected to the sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes, which carry preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the sympathetic chain • All the ventral rami receive postganglionic sympathetic fibers from sympathetic chain by a gray ramus • The sympathetic chains carry t ...
Pergamon - Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit
... the internal surface of cell membranes. In dendrites and spines immunoreactivity was seen in contact with the membranes postsynaptic to terminals forming symmetrical synapses and less commonly, asymmetrical synapses. The morphological features and membrane specializations of the terminals forming sy ...
... the internal surface of cell membranes. In dendrites and spines immunoreactivity was seen in contact with the membranes postsynaptic to terminals forming symmetrical synapses and less commonly, asymmetrical synapses. The morphological features and membrane specializations of the terminals forming sy ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
... task)]. In the delayed saccade task, this spot was also turned on briefly as mine hydrochloride. Eye movementswere recordedwith the use the cue of a future target while the monkey was fixating. The depression at of the magneticsearch-coiltechnique ( Robinson 1963) . The behavioraltasksaswell asstora ...
Nociceptive sensation
... Pain reception Damage stimuli perception created by the brain from electrochemical nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors. These receptors transfuse (or change) different influences of both internal processes in organism and surrounding environment into the electric impulses. ► Pai ...
... Pain reception Damage stimuli perception created by the brain from electrochemical nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors. These receptors transfuse (or change) different influences of both internal processes in organism and surrounding environment into the electric impulses. ► Pai ...
Aneuploidy and DNA Replication in the Normal Human Brain and
... amount of identified cortical neurons in normal human brain and AD and analyzed the link between a tetraploid DNA content and expression of the early mitotic marker cyclin B1. In the normal brain, the number of neurons with a more than diploid content amounts to ⬃10%. Less than 1% of neurons contain ...
... amount of identified cortical neurons in normal human brain and AD and analyzed the link between a tetraploid DNA content and expression of the early mitotic marker cyclin B1. In the normal brain, the number of neurons with a more than diploid content amounts to ⬃10%. Less than 1% of neurons contain ...
Finding a face in the crowd: parallel and serial neural mechanisms
... was much smaller, consistent with behavioral evidence that the monkey used the color information more than the shape information in guiding its search to the color shape conjunction target (i.e., fixated distractors with the target color more often than distractors with the target shape). Altogether, ...
... was much smaller, consistent with behavioral evidence that the monkey used the color information more than the shape information in guiding its search to the color shape conjunction target (i.e., fixated distractors with the target color more often than distractors with the target shape). Altogether, ...
Visual Receptive Field Properties of Neurons in the Superficial
... the preferred spatial frequency. The preferred direction (pref) was determined as the one that evoked maximum response. The depth of modulation was described using two parameters: (1) direction selectivity index (DSI) ⫽ (Rpref ⫺ Ropp)/(Rpref ⫹ Ropp), where Rpref was the response at pref and Ropp a ...
... the preferred spatial frequency. The preferred direction (pref) was determined as the one that evoked maximum response. The depth of modulation was described using two parameters: (1) direction selectivity index (DSI) ⫽ (Rpref ⫺ Ropp)/(Rpref ⫹ Ropp), where Rpref was the response at pref and Ropp a ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.