Visual Receptive Field Properties of Neurons in the Superficial
... the preferred spatial frequency. The preferred direction (pref) was determined as the one that evoked maximum response. The depth of modulation was described using two parameters: (1) direction selectivity index (DSI) ⫽ (Rpref ⫺ Ropp)/(Rpref ⫹ Ropp), where Rpref was the response at pref and Ropp a ...
... the preferred spatial frequency. The preferred direction (pref) was determined as the one that evoked maximum response. The depth of modulation was described using two parameters: (1) direction selectivity index (DSI) ⫽ (Rpref ⫺ Ropp)/(Rpref ⫹ Ropp), where Rpref was the response at pref and Ropp a ...
neuralnet: Training of neural networks
... and Ripley, 2002) and AMORE (Limas et al., 2007). nnet provides the opportunity to train feed-forward neural networks with traditional backpropagation and in AMORE, the TAO robust neural network algorithm is implemented. neuralnet was built to train neural networks in the context of regression analy ...
... and Ripley, 2002) and AMORE (Limas et al., 2007). nnet provides the opportunity to train feed-forward neural networks with traditional backpropagation and in AMORE, the TAO robust neural network algorithm is implemented. neuralnet was built to train neural networks in the context of regression analy ...
full text pdf
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
... Pruning: circuit specification and more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). ...
Thinking About Thinking
... from electrical stimulation of an input pathway, for example. Anyway, the mereological argument is not central to the argument of this book. For convenience, this book assumes that thinking is what brains do, and is most evident when brains generate a conscious state. I consider thinking to mean wha ...
... from electrical stimulation of an input pathway, for example. Anyway, the mereological argument is not central to the argument of this book. For convenience, this book assumes that thinking is what brains do, and is most evident when brains generate a conscious state. I consider thinking to mean wha ...
Tom`s JSNC2000 paper
... There could be several reasons why feedback had no effect here. For example, one potential problem may have been that feedback was delivered only rarely. After all, not only was the session with feedback only five minutes long, but the single electrical pulse used as feedback was provided only upon ...
... There could be several reasons why feedback had no effect here. For example, one potential problem may have been that feedback was delivered only rarely. After all, not only was the session with feedback only five minutes long, but the single electrical pulse used as feedback was provided only upon ...
Discharge Rate of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons Is
... stem structure for orienting and spatial attention processes (Guitton et al. 2003; Wurtz et al. 2001). The SNr and GPi also differ in the type of movements associated with their activity: the SNr has been shown to be primarily related to ocular and orofacial movements (DeLong et al. 1983; Hikosaka a ...
... stem structure for orienting and spatial attention processes (Guitton et al. 2003; Wurtz et al. 2001). The SNr and GPi also differ in the type of movements associated with their activity: the SNr has been shown to be primarily related to ocular and orofacial movements (DeLong et al. 1983; Hikosaka a ...
A Point Process Model for Auditory Neurons Considering
... systems [1]–[5]. Analyses of auditory neurons have focused on constructing a spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF) by estimating a linear relation between a spectro-temporal representation of the auditory stimulus and the rate function of the neuron [6]. The coefficients of the linear model compris ...
... systems [1]–[5]. Analyses of auditory neurons have focused on constructing a spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF) by estimating a linear relation between a spectro-temporal representation of the auditory stimulus and the rate function of the neuron [6]. The coefficients of the linear model compris ...
Brain activation pattern depends on the strategy chosen by zebra
... lemnothalamic (thalamofugal) pathway as the source of the visual information used in spatial learning because there are direct connections between the telencephalic station of this pathway, the visual wulst and the hippocampus (Atoji et al., 2002). In contrast, the collothalamic (tectofugal) pathway ...
... lemnothalamic (thalamofugal) pathway as the source of the visual information used in spatial learning because there are direct connections between the telencephalic station of this pathway, the visual wulst and the hippocampus (Atoji et al., 2002). In contrast, the collothalamic (tectofugal) pathway ...
Edward Jones
... which teachers of mathematics direct their teaching. In a math examination, I always seemed to spend my time trying to decipher the written sense of a question rather than jumping intuitively, as my school fellows did, to the requisite formula for working it out. The decision to go to University cam ...
... which teachers of mathematics direct their teaching. In a math examination, I always seemed to spend my time trying to decipher the written sense of a question rather than jumping intuitively, as my school fellows did, to the requisite formula for working it out. The decision to go to University cam ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... Rostral (areas 11, O121 ) and caudal (area OPro) orbitofrontal areas were connected with the AM, but had few, if any, connections with the AV nucleus. Projections from area OPro to the AM were studied in three cases. Significant connections with the anterior nuclei were seen in only one case (case A ...
... Rostral (areas 11, O121 ) and caudal (area OPro) orbitofrontal areas were connected with the AM, but had few, if any, connections with the AV nucleus. Projections from area OPro to the AM were studied in three cases. Significant connections with the anterior nuclei were seen in only one case (case A ...
EEG Alpha Oscillations The inhibition
... Alpha phase controls cortical excitability • Varela’s experiment: – Subjects were asked to judge whether the two (shortly displayed) stimuli are simultaneous or moving – It takes 50ms (due to peripheral transmission time) for a visual stimulus to be processed at the cortex – The stimuli which are ...
... Alpha phase controls cortical excitability • Varela’s experiment: – Subjects were asked to judge whether the two (shortly displayed) stimuli are simultaneous or moving – It takes 50ms (due to peripheral transmission time) for a visual stimulus to be processed at the cortex – The stimuli which are ...
Spatio-temporal Pattern Recognition with Neural Networks
... Another reason is that the perceptive system does not process speech as pattern recognition systems usually do. To a certain extent, it is true that the cochlear nucleus, the superior olivary complex and the colliculus, for example, are apparently specialised and they might perform 'signal processin ...
... Another reason is that the perceptive system does not process speech as pattern recognition systems usually do. To a certain extent, it is true that the cochlear nucleus, the superior olivary complex and the colliculus, for example, are apparently specialised and they might perform 'signal processin ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... Fig. 2.3 Drawings of OC somata in the brain and their peripheral terminations in the organ of Corti. There are distinct types of LOC neurons. LOC intrinsic neurons have somata within the LSO and project peripherally to form “unidirectional” fibers that run in one direction in the inner and tunnel s ...
... Fig. 2.3 Drawings of OC somata in the brain and their peripheral terminations in the organ of Corti. There are distinct types of LOC neurons. LOC intrinsic neurons have somata within the LSO and project peripherally to form “unidirectional” fibers that run in one direction in the inner and tunnel s ...
Nociceptive-antinociceptive system
... Pain reception Damage stimuli perception created by the brain from electrochemical nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors. These receptors transfuse (or change) different influences of both internal processes in organism and surrounding environment into the electric impulses. ► Pai ...
... Pain reception Damage stimuli perception created by the brain from electrochemical nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors. These receptors transfuse (or change) different influences of both internal processes in organism and surrounding environment into the electric impulses. ► Pai ...
Nociceptive sensation. Anti
... Pain reception Damage stimuli perception created by the brain from electrochemical nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors. These receptors transfuse (or change) different influences of both internal processes in organism and surrounding environment into the electric impulses. ► Pai ...
... Pain reception Damage stimuli perception created by the brain from electrochemical nerve impulses delivered to it from sensory receptors. These receptors transfuse (or change) different influences of both internal processes in organism and surrounding environment into the electric impulses. ► Pai ...
Slide 1
... (sensory) nerves that run from the receptors to the brain and efferent (motor) nerves that run to the glands and muscles. • The autonomic division consists of the sympathetic division, which mobilizes the body's resources, and the parasympathetic division which returns the body to a normal state of ...
... (sensory) nerves that run from the receptors to the brain and efferent (motor) nerves that run to the glands and muscles. • The autonomic division consists of the sympathetic division, which mobilizes the body's resources, and the parasympathetic division which returns the body to a normal state of ...
neurocircuitry of addiction
... stimulate dopamine cells or increase dopamine release (30). Also, although systemic administration of -opioids clearly activates dopamine transmission by disinhibiting dopamine cell activity, it is equally clear that stimulating -opioid receptors located postsynaptic to the dopamine projection in ...
... stimulate dopamine cells or increase dopamine release (30). Also, although systemic administration of -opioids clearly activates dopamine transmission by disinhibiting dopamine cell activity, it is equally clear that stimulating -opioid receptors located postsynaptic to the dopamine projection in ...
Bad Fish - Groch Biology
... • Neurons are specialized to use changes in membrane potential for fast communication- called an ACTION POTENTIAL. • Neurons have special gated ion channels, that open or close in response to stimuli. • Membrane potential may change in response to stimuli that open or close those channels. ...
... • Neurons are specialized to use changes in membrane potential for fast communication- called an ACTION POTENTIAL. • Neurons have special gated ion channels, that open or close in response to stimuli. • Membrane potential may change in response to stimuli that open or close those channels. ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... the soma down the axon to the synapses and back up to the soma. Microtubules provide the structural basis for transport, axoplasmic flow. This mechanism of transport is not diffusion but rather retrograde axonal transport associated with the microtubule network that exists throughout the nerve cell. ...
... the soma down the axon to the synapses and back up to the soma. Microtubules provide the structural basis for transport, axoplasmic flow. This mechanism of transport is not diffusion but rather retrograde axonal transport associated with the microtubule network that exists throughout the nerve cell. ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... synapse onto these interneurons to drive local inhibition in the circuit. In deeper layers, interneurons have been found to make preferential connections onto different types of projection neurons. For example, inhibitory contacts from PV interneurons are stronger onto corticothalamic than corticoco ...
... synapse onto these interneurons to drive local inhibition in the circuit. In deeper layers, interneurons have been found to make preferential connections onto different types of projection neurons. For example, inhibitory contacts from PV interneurons are stronger onto corticothalamic than corticoco ...
Review Article Long-Term Memory Search across the
... ON and OFF cones [19, 40]. Local calculations performed by dendritic branches of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and asymmetric nature of synaptic inhibitory inputs from starburst amacrine cells assure high fidelity of object image formation at the retina [41]. Each pixel of the ret ...
... ON and OFF cones [19, 40]. Local calculations performed by dendritic branches of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and asymmetric nature of synaptic inhibitory inputs from starburst amacrine cells assure high fidelity of object image formation at the retina [41]. Each pixel of the ret ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Exchange of Na+ and K+ repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores ions to their original location Protein pump in the membrane ...
... Exchange of Na+ and K+ repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores ions to their original location Protein pump in the membrane ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... with the crossing of boundaries of cortical layer, suggesting that neurons are not organized in accordance to their laminar location. We then determined whether neurons of inhibitory or facilitatory ERF property preferentially distribute in certain cortical layers. Figure 4B1 shows the laminar distr ...
... with the crossing of boundaries of cortical layer, suggesting that neurons are not organized in accordance to their laminar location. We then determined whether neurons of inhibitory or facilitatory ERF property preferentially distribute in certain cortical layers. Figure 4B1 shows the laminar distr ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.