Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound
... activity causes fluctuations of the blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) signal, which can then be visualized using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). The fact that these brain regions consistently show a decrease in activity during task performance and an increase during fixatio ...
... activity causes fluctuations of the blood oxygen dependent (BOLD) signal, which can then be visualized using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). The fact that these brain regions consistently show a decrease in activity during task performance and an increase during fixatio ...
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Multiple
... 53. You want your son to quit picking up the cat by its tail, so you yell at him every time you see the behavior. Unfortunately, you do not see a decrease in the unwanted behavior. Rather, your son is increasing this behavior. Of the following, which is the BEST explanation? A) When you see the beha ...
... 53. You want your son to quit picking up the cat by its tail, so you yell at him every time you see the behavior. Unfortunately, you do not see a decrease in the unwanted behavior. Rather, your son is increasing this behavior. Of the following, which is the BEST explanation? A) When you see the beha ...
Two Procedures for the Establishment of Conditioned Reinforcers
... Thorndike, considered by some psychologist to be one of the first behaviorists, forwarded an explanation for his Law of effect. His explanation suggested that some events, usually those that one would expect to be pleasant seemed to “stamp in” a response that had just occurred. Noxious events, he co ...
... Thorndike, considered by some psychologist to be one of the first behaviorists, forwarded an explanation for his Law of effect. His explanation suggested that some events, usually those that one would expect to be pleasant seemed to “stamp in” a response that had just occurred. Noxious events, he co ...
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
... which the contingent solution was less salient, these animals should have continued to self-administer LiCl by drinking the contingent solution until resulting aversive Pavlovian conditioning suppressed its intake. However, because the noncontingent solution was more salient for these rats, this amo ...
... which the contingent solution was less salient, these animals should have continued to self-administer LiCl by drinking the contingent solution until resulting aversive Pavlovian conditioning suppressed its intake. However, because the noncontingent solution was more salient for these rats, this amo ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... that varies between 0 and 1. It is important to stress that the values of Sp and Pe are determined once per recording site, and normalization can therefore not induce differences in response between conditions that are not present before normalization, or remove differences between responses that ar ...
... that varies between 0 and 1. It is important to stress that the values of Sp and Pe are determined once per recording site, and normalization can therefore not induce differences in response between conditions that are not present before normalization, or remove differences between responses that ar ...
The Role of Cognition in Classical and Operant Conditioning
... without agreeing on . . . a full interpretation of it” (p. 44). This particularly is clear with respect to classical and operant conditioning. There can be no doubt that these procedures result in learning and that they have inspired treatments that have been shown to be effective in clinical trials ...
... without agreeing on . . . a full interpretation of it” (p. 44). This particularly is clear with respect to classical and operant conditioning. There can be no doubt that these procedures result in learning and that they have inspired treatments that have been shown to be effective in clinical trials ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
... Category selectivity was assessed with one-way ANOVAs with three levels: “Monkey,” “Human,” and “Object.” Significant results are reported based on P ⬍ 0.05 level, unless stated otherwise. Bonferroni–Dunn post hoc tests (also at P ⬍ 0.05) were used to determine which category of stimuli for which ea ...
Reward and punishment act as distinct factors in guiding behavior
... Auditory stimulus), 1.0 s in duration (Fig. 1A). After the stimulus has been presented, the fixation cross shrank to 1" and changed its color to green. This event cued the subjects to make a movement (choice). Subjects performed 2 blocks of 300 trials each, with a brief period in between. In the fir ...
... Auditory stimulus), 1.0 s in duration (Fig. 1A). After the stimulus has been presented, the fixation cross shrank to 1" and changed its color to green. This event cued the subjects to make a movement (choice). Subjects performed 2 blocks of 300 trials each, with a brief period in between. In the fir ...
chapter 6 - learning
... d. an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response As a teenager it seemed that your mom was always nagging you to clean your room. Eventually you learned that if you cleaned your room every Saturday morning you would not have to listen to her nagging. Your mothe ...
... d. an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response As a teenager it seemed that your mom was always nagging you to clean your room. Eventually you learned that if you cleaned your room every Saturday morning you would not have to listen to her nagging. Your mothe ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 5Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ...
... McGovern Institute for Brain Research, 5Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... method described by Ono et al. (1985), was used. The rat was anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and then mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus with its skull level between the bregma and lambda suture points. The cranium was exposed, 2–3 mm of the temporal end of the temporal muscle wa ...
... method described by Ono et al. (1985), was used. The rat was anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and then mounted in a stereotaxic apparatus with its skull level between the bregma and lambda suture points. The cranium was exposed, 2–3 mm of the temporal end of the temporal muscle wa ...
Sensation
... This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images • ...
... This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images • ...
functional classes of neurons in primary auditory cortex of the cat
... with a General Radio wave analyzer set to the lo-Hz bandwidth. The AC output of the wave analyzer was read with a digital voltmeter. The sound pressure level in the acoustic meatus was measured while moving the piezoelectric loudspeaker systematically in azimuth and elevation in steps of 10” or 15”. ...
... with a General Radio wave analyzer set to the lo-Hz bandwidth. The AC output of the wave analyzer was read with a digital voltmeter. The sound pressure level in the acoustic meatus was measured while moving the piezoelectric loudspeaker systematically in azimuth and elevation in steps of 10” or 15”. ...
Child and Time - Lapsco - Université Blaise Pascal
... strategies because they are well aware of the inaccurate nature of their temporal estimates in most situations. To summarize, because the majority of the employed experimental conditions have used an explicit judgment of time, human subjects, and children in particular, have often been found not to ...
... strategies because they are well aware of the inaccurate nature of their temporal estimates in most situations. To summarize, because the majority of the employed experimental conditions have used an explicit judgment of time, human subjects, and children in particular, have often been found not to ...
Circuits of emotion in the primate brain
... laryngeal and respiratory muscles via the reticular formation of the brainstem, (Davis et al., 1996). Motor commands for vocalization are initiated in the PAG under descending input from the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. These two prefrontal systems are also linked to PAG activity during mat ...
... laryngeal and respiratory muscles via the reticular formation of the brainstem, (Davis et al., 1996). Motor commands for vocalization are initiated in the PAG under descending input from the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. These two prefrontal systems are also linked to PAG activity during mat ...
Wind Direction Coding in the Cockroach Escape Response: Winner
... 1988; Liebenthal et al., 1994). We analyzed the leg movements frame by frame on a personal computer using a video analysis program (MTV; Data Crunch, San C lemente, CA). To determine the directions of the animals’ turning responses, we measured the coxa-femur (CF) joint angle of the different legs, ...
... 1988; Liebenthal et al., 1994). We analyzed the leg movements frame by frame on a personal computer using a video analysis program (MTV; Data Crunch, San C lemente, CA). To determine the directions of the animals’ turning responses, we measured the coxa-femur (CF) joint angle of the different legs, ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... aspect of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus; Pr5VL, ventrolateral aspect of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (redrawn from Paxinos and Watson 1986). ...
... aspect of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus; Pr5VL, ventrolateral aspect of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (redrawn from Paxinos and Watson 1986). ...
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom
... and firing rates of neurons in the primary visual cortex. Thus, it has been suggested that feedback projections have modulatory effects while activity is mainly driven by the bottom-up pathway. In spite of these data, however, the underlying mechanisms and the origin of the remarkable difference bet ...
... and firing rates of neurons in the primary visual cortex. Thus, it has been suggested that feedback projections have modulatory effects while activity is mainly driven by the bottom-up pathway. In spite of these data, however, the underlying mechanisms and the origin of the remarkable difference bet ...
Processing of Interaural Intensity Differences in the LSO: Role of
... whereas the inhibition is from globular bushy cells in the contralateral cochlear nucleus (Cant 1991; Cant and Casseday 1986; Caspary and Finlayson 1991; Grothe et al. 1994; Kuwabara et al. 1991; Smith et al. 1991; Zook and DiCaprio 1988). The globular bushy cells do not directly inhibit LSO cells, ...
... whereas the inhibition is from globular bushy cells in the contralateral cochlear nucleus (Cant 1991; Cant and Casseday 1986; Caspary and Finlayson 1991; Grothe et al. 1994; Kuwabara et al. 1991; Smith et al. 1991; Zook and DiCaprio 1988). The globular bushy cells do not directly inhibit LSO cells, ...
emotional learning: a computational model of the amygdala
... model of emotional processing. However, the model we present does not pretend to model every physiological detail of the emotional learning system in the brain. We aim instead for a functional description of the various areas involved in emotion. Since it is overall system properties that we try to ...
... model of emotional processing. However, the model we present does not pretend to model every physiological detail of the emotional learning system in the brain. We aim instead for a functional description of the various areas involved in emotion. Since it is overall system properties that we try to ...
A neural basis for a false memory
... stimulus later respond maximally to another stimulus in post-training stimulus generalization tests. Peak shift ordinarily develops in discrimination learning (reinforced CS+, unreinforced CS ) and has long been attributed to the interaction of an excitatory gradient centered on the CS+ and an inhib ...
... stimulus later respond maximally to another stimulus in post-training stimulus generalization tests. Peak shift ordinarily develops in discrimination learning (reinforced CS+, unreinforced CS ) and has long been attributed to the interaction of an excitatory gradient centered on the CS+ and an inhib ...
LINKING PROPOSITIONS*
... . whenever two stimuli cause physically indistinguishable signals to be sent from the sense organs to the brain, the sensations produced by those stimuli, as reported by the subject in words, symbols or actions, must also be indistinguishable. Other general linking propositions, use of which would a ...
... . whenever two stimuli cause physically indistinguishable signals to be sent from the sense organs to the brain, the sensations produced by those stimuli, as reported by the subject in words, symbols or actions, must also be indistinguishable. Other general linking propositions, use of which would a ...
Learning
... arrived. Pavlov recognized that the dog’s association of these sights and sounds with the food was an important type of learning, which came to be called classical conditioning. Pavlov wanted to know why the dog salivated in reaction to various sights and sounds before eating the meat powder. He obs ...
... arrived. Pavlov recognized that the dog’s association of these sights and sounds with the food was an important type of learning, which came to be called classical conditioning. Pavlov wanted to know why the dog salivated in reaction to various sights and sounds before eating the meat powder. He obs ...
