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Chapter 11: Behaviorism: After the Founding
Chapter 11: Behaviorism: After the Founding

... Positive punishment: application of an aversive stimulus that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will reoccur Negative punishment: withdrawal of a pleasurable stimulus that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will reoccur ...
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- W.W. Norton

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... response will only occur to very specific stimuli. This can be taken a step further: if a CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS then eventually the CR will be "unlearned"... it will become extinct. In the fear of the dentist example, if the child was repeatedly taken to the dentist and there wa ...
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Operant conditioning



Operant conditioning (also, “instrumental conditioning”) is a learning process in which behavior is sensitive to, or controlled by its consequences. For example, a child may learn to open a box to get the candy inside, or learn to avoid touching a hot stove. In contrast, classical conditioning causes a stimulus to signal a positive or negative consequence; the resulting behavior does not produce the consequence. For example, the sight of a colorful wrapper comes to signal ""candy"", causing a child to salivate, or the sound of a door slam comes to signal an angry parent, causing a child to tremble. The study of animal learning in the 20th century was dominated by the analysis of these two sorts of learning, and they are still at the core of behavior analysis.
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