Drugs for Neurodegenerative Diseases
... Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease The ‘cholinergic hypothesis’ which states that a deficiency of acetylcholine is critical in the genesis of symptoms of AD. Donepezil, galantamine and tacrine are cholinesterase inhibitors approved for treatment of AD. Donepezil and rivastigmine selectively inhibits c ...
... Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease The ‘cholinergic hypothesis’ which states that a deficiency of acetylcholine is critical in the genesis of symptoms of AD. Donepezil, galantamine and tacrine are cholinesterase inhibitors approved for treatment of AD. Donepezil and rivastigmine selectively inhibits c ...
Autonomic nervous system
... – The autonomic nervous systemparasympathetic division – Parasympathetic division • The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state. • Supports activities involved with increases in the body’s supply of stored energy including salivation, gastric ...
... – The autonomic nervous systemparasympathetic division – Parasympathetic division • The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state. • Supports activities involved with increases in the body’s supply of stored energy including salivation, gastric ...
351 Pharmacology PNS 5th Lecture F
... nicotine and lobeline have important effects on the brainstem and cortex. The mild alerting action of nicotine absorbed from inhaled tobacco smoke is the best-known of these effects. In larger concentrations, nicotine induces tremor, emesis, and stimulation of the respiratory center. At still hi ...
... nicotine and lobeline have important effects on the brainstem and cortex. The mild alerting action of nicotine absorbed from inhaled tobacco smoke is the best-known of these effects. In larger concentrations, nicotine induces tremor, emesis, and stimulation of the respiratory center. At still hi ...
UNIT 9 – EXCRETORY SYSTEM
... When there is stimulation of the neuron (either due to neurotransmitters or receptors), depolarization begins when the sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the neuron by diffusion. If enough sodium enters the neuron for the potential to go up past threshold, a full depolarization continues to +3 ...
... When there is stimulation of the neuron (either due to neurotransmitters or receptors), depolarization begins when the sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the neuron by diffusion. If enough sodium enters the neuron for the potential to go up past threshold, a full depolarization continues to +3 ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... a. Smooth muscle lining most blood vessels contain mostly alpha1 receptors, binding of NE increases activity (general vasoconstriction; increased pressure/flow/turnover; blood shunted to necessary areas)- so now blood is being returned the heart/lungs for O2 pickup faster, and isn’t spending too muc ...
... a. Smooth muscle lining most blood vessels contain mostly alpha1 receptors, binding of NE increases activity (general vasoconstriction; increased pressure/flow/turnover; blood shunted to necessary areas)- so now blood is being returned the heart/lungs for O2 pickup faster, and isn’t spending too muc ...
Larry Stein by Arvid Carlsson
... feel is currently thought to be a result of brain activity. So it must be the case that if we can feel the reward, then the brain must be responsible for producing it. But the theories of positive reinforcement popular at that time were based in part on Freudian theory. Freud held the Victorian idea ...
... feel is currently thought to be a result of brain activity. So it must be the case that if we can feel the reward, then the brain must be responsible for producing it. But the theories of positive reinforcement popular at that time were based in part on Freudian theory. Freud held the Victorian idea ...
Inhibitors of angiotensin
... It is now used primarily for HTN during pregnancy It rapidly enters the brain, where it accumulates in noradrenergic nerves, is converted to αmethylnorepinephrine (α2 adrenergic receptors agonist), and is released Renal blood flow and GFR are not reduced The most common undesirable effect of methyld ...
... It is now used primarily for HTN during pregnancy It rapidly enters the brain, where it accumulates in noradrenergic nerves, is converted to αmethylnorepinephrine (α2 adrenergic receptors agonist), and is released Renal blood flow and GFR are not reduced The most common undesirable effect of methyld ...
EPOB 3430 4/24/03
... It interacts with nervous system in many ways-1. NS causes release of some hormones 2. Hormones can act as neuromodulators 3. Endocrine system may use sensory system of nervous system 4. Endocrine and NS can affect the same organs (digestive and circulatory) ...
... It interacts with nervous system in many ways-1. NS causes release of some hormones 2. Hormones can act as neuromodulators 3. Endocrine system may use sensory system of nervous system 4. Endocrine and NS can affect the same organs (digestive and circulatory) ...
1 High level of Ca 2+ in blood stimulates thyroid gland parafollicular
... Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production Stimulate lipolysis Enhance some actions of catecholamines Regulate development and growth of nervous tissue and bones ...
... Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production Stimulate lipolysis Enhance some actions of catecholamines Regulate development and growth of nervous tissue and bones ...
iphy 3430 4-26-11
... 1. NS causes release of some hormones 2. Hormones can act as neuromodulators 3. Endocrine system may use sensory system of nervous system 4. Endocrine and NS can affect the same organs (digestive and circulatory) ...
... 1. NS causes release of some hormones 2. Hormones can act as neuromodulators 3. Endocrine system may use sensory system of nervous system 4. Endocrine and NS can affect the same organs (digestive and circulatory) ...
PART Ⅳ AGENTS ACTING ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
... (1)mechanism of action is unknown but involves potentiation of inhibitory effects of GABA neurons. (2)dose required for antiepileptic action is lower than dose that causes pronounced CNS depression for the patient. More selectivity in anticonvulsant action than in sedative effect. 2.use (1) 50% effe ...
... (1)mechanism of action is unknown but involves potentiation of inhibitory effects of GABA neurons. (2)dose required for antiepileptic action is lower than dose that causes pronounced CNS depression for the patient. More selectivity in anticonvulsant action than in sedative effect. 2.use (1) 50% effe ...
used
... reuptake. The side effects of SSRIs are different than those of the TCAs because they have no effect on NE, histamine, or acetylcholine receptors. Side effects include: anxiety, restlessness, movement disorders, muscle rigidity, nausea, headache, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction, which occurs in 40- ...
... reuptake. The side effects of SSRIs are different than those of the TCAs because they have no effect on NE, histamine, or acetylcholine receptors. Side effects include: anxiety, restlessness, movement disorders, muscle rigidity, nausea, headache, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction, which occurs in 40- ...
File
... Attached to posterior thyroid…. Produce PARATHORMONE which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia THYMUS…. Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ Located behind the ________, above and in front of the ______________ Begins to disappear at _________ ADRENAL GLANDS Located on to ...
... Attached to posterior thyroid…. Produce PARATHORMONE which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia THYMUS…. Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ Located behind the ________, above and in front of the ______________ Begins to disappear at _________ ADRENAL GLANDS Located on to ...
Chapter 10 The Endocrine System The Body`s Other Control System
... Cortisol & normal stress response Sympathetic nervous system activates Stimulates Adrenal glands Epinephrine & norepinephrine: raise BP, HR, respiration rate & BS; decreases digestion & other less urgent physiological functions. Cortisol increases blood sugar; changes immune response. prepa ...
... Cortisol & normal stress response Sympathetic nervous system activates Stimulates Adrenal glands Epinephrine & norepinephrine: raise BP, HR, respiration rate & BS; decreases digestion & other less urgent physiological functions. Cortisol increases blood sugar; changes immune response. prepa ...
If the statement is “True” then circle True
... 12. True / False: Damaging the right motor cortex would limit voluntary movements on the body’s right side. 13. True / False: Melatonin is stored and released in the anterior pituitary. 14. True / False: The spinal cord receives efferent sensory fibers and sends out afferent motor fibers. 15. True / ...
... 12. True / False: Damaging the right motor cortex would limit voluntary movements on the body’s right side. 13. True / False: Melatonin is stored and released in the anterior pituitary. 14. True / False: The spinal cord receives efferent sensory fibers and sends out afferent motor fibers. 15. True / ...
Antihypertensive Drugs
... Improves ventricular function in heart failure by reducing preload MOA: RBCs convert nitroprusside to NO – relaxation also by nonenzymatically to NO by glutathione Uses: Hypertensive Emergencies, 50 mg is added to 500 ml of saline/glucose and infused slowly with 0.02 mg/min initially and later on ti ...
... Improves ventricular function in heart failure by reducing preload MOA: RBCs convert nitroprusside to NO – relaxation also by nonenzymatically to NO by glutathione Uses: Hypertensive Emergencies, 50 mg is added to 500 ml of saline/glucose and infused slowly with 0.02 mg/min initially and later on ti ...
PNS Efferent Division
... • Release of norepinephrine (NT) from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine (NT) from adrenal medulla. • Mass activation prepares for intense activity. • Heart rate (HR) increases. • Bronchioles dilate. • Blood [glucose] increases. ...
... • Release of norepinephrine (NT) from postganglionic fibers and epinephrine (NT) from adrenal medulla. • Mass activation prepares for intense activity. • Heart rate (HR) increases. • Bronchioles dilate. • Blood [glucose] increases. ...
2 receptor
... Hypoxia - response is mainly cardiovascular: b1 receptors via SNS NE increase heart rate & contractility, resulting in greater cardiac output; b2 receptors via adrenal Epi vasodilate blood vessels in muscle, increasing oxygen delivery, and mediate bronchodilation to facilitate oxygen intake. Hypogly ...
... Hypoxia - response is mainly cardiovascular: b1 receptors via SNS NE increase heart rate & contractility, resulting in greater cardiac output; b2 receptors via adrenal Epi vasodilate blood vessels in muscle, increasing oxygen delivery, and mediate bronchodilation to facilitate oxygen intake. Hypogly ...
Pharmacology of stimulant substances
... produce long- lasting serotonin depletion ( 30% of neurons for up to 2 weeks). ...
... produce long- lasting serotonin depletion ( 30% of neurons for up to 2 weeks). ...
Drugs and Alcohol
... noradrenaline, tells the heart to beat faster when you’re in a stressful situation -- like if something suddenly scares you. If the heart becomes too sensitive to noradrenaline, a normal jolt of it may cause the heart to temporarily lose its rhythm and stop pumping blood through the body. Some inhal ...
... noradrenaline, tells the heart to beat faster when you’re in a stressful situation -- like if something suddenly scares you. If the heart becomes too sensitive to noradrenaline, a normal jolt of it may cause the heart to temporarily lose its rhythm and stop pumping blood through the body. Some inhal ...
Coordination of the human body
... The synapse is a small gap separating neurons. The synapse consists of: •a presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles, •a postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters and, •a synaptic cleft or space between the presynaptic and ...
... The synapse is a small gap separating neurons. The synapse consists of: •a presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria and other cell organelles, •a postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters and, •a synaptic cleft or space between the presynaptic and ...
Dexmedetomidine: A Useful Adjunct to Consider in Some High Risk
... trials subsequently showed decreased opiate use after the administration of DEX for patients after laparoscopic tubal ligation and cardiac surgical procedures. These findings were significant to care of the ICU patient because opioid-sparing effects may result in a shorter time to extubation.9 Multi ...
... trials subsequently showed decreased opiate use after the administration of DEX for patients after laparoscopic tubal ligation and cardiac surgical procedures. These findings were significant to care of the ICU patient because opioid-sparing effects may result in a shorter time to extubation.9 Multi ...
Uppers Downers & All Arounders
... spread to Arabia then Europe • Classified as a drug and banned in many cultures ...
... spread to Arabia then Europe • Classified as a drug and banned in many cultures ...
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the human brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. Noradrenaline is the common name in the United Kingdom (BAN), while norepinephrine is the International Nonproprietary Name and typically used in the United States. Areas of the body that produce or are affected by norepinephrine are referred to everywhere as noradrenergic.Norepinephrine is synthesized and released by the central nervous system and also by a division of the autonomic nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system. In the brain, norepinephrine comes from several nuclei that are small in size but project to most other parts of the brain and exert powerful effects on their targets. The most important source of norepinephrine in the brain is the locus coeruleus, located in the pons. In the sympathetic nervous system norepinephrine is used as a neurotransmitter by sympathetic ganglia located near the spinal cord or in the abdomen, and is also released directly into the bloodstream by the adrenal glands. Regardless of how and where it is released, norepinephrine acts on target cells by binding to and activating noradrenergic receptors located on the cell surface.In the most basic terms, the function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness, and reaches much higher levels during situations of stress or danger, in what has been called the fight-or-flight response. In the brain norepinephrine increases arousal and alertness, promotes vigilance, enhances formation and retrieval of memory, and focuses attention; it also increases restlessness and anxiety. In the rest of the body, norepinephrine increases heart rate and blood pressure, triggers the release of glucose from energy stores, increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, reduces blood flow to the gastrointestinal system, and promotes voiding of the bladder and large intestines.A variety of medically important drugs work by altering the actions of norepinephrine systems. Norepinephrine itself is widely used as an injectable drug for the treatment of critically low blood pressure. Beta blockers, which counter some of the effects of norepinephrine, are frequently used to treat glaucoma, migraine, and a range of cardiovascular problems. Alpha blockers, which counter a different set of norepinephrine effects, are used to treat several cardiovascular and psychiatric conditions. Alpha-2 agonists often have a sedating effect, and are commonly used as anesthesia-enhancers in surgery, as well as in treatment of drug or alcohol dependence. Many important psychiatric drugs exert strong effects on norepinephrine systems in the brain, resulting in side-effects that may be helpful or harmful.