glycogen
... In the liver and muscles, most of the glucose is changed into glycogen by the process of glycogenesis (anabolism). Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles until needed at some later time when glucose levels are low. If blood glucose levels are low, then epinephrine and glucogon hormones are ...
... In the liver and muscles, most of the glucose is changed into glycogen by the process of glycogenesis (anabolism). Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles until needed at some later time when glucose levels are low. If blood glucose levels are low, then epinephrine and glucogon hormones are ...
October 17 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... A) They have a lot of oxygen atoms. B) They have no nitrogen in their makeup. C) They can have very long carbon skeletons. D) They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. E) They are easily reduced. ...
... A) They have a lot of oxygen atoms. B) They have no nitrogen in their makeup. C) They can have very long carbon skeletons. D) They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. E) They are easily reduced. ...
Cellular Energy
... • Also called fermentation • No oxygen is present • 1 Glucose only partially broken down to form waste products and 2 ATP • 2 types – Lactic Acid Fermentation – Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) Fermentation ...
... • Also called fermentation • No oxygen is present • 1 Glucose only partially broken down to form waste products and 2 ATP • 2 types – Lactic Acid Fermentation – Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) Fermentation ...
Energy and Metabolism
... a. Which organism at which temperature had the fastest metabolic rate (produced the most ATP) during its trials? Explain how you know. ...
... a. Which organism at which temperature had the fastest metabolic rate (produced the most ATP) during its trials? Explain how you know. ...
Nutrition and Metabolism
... glucose (although fructose and galactose are also important). It is absorbed via the hexokinase ATP consumed or glucokinase portal system and some is stored as glycogen in liver before being released sytemically where is may be stored in muscles as glycogen, or metabolised to give CO2 and Glycolysis ...
... glucose (although fructose and galactose are also important). It is absorbed via the hexokinase ATP consumed or glucokinase portal system and some is stored as glycogen in liver before being released sytemically where is may be stored in muscles as glycogen, or metabolised to give CO2 and Glycolysis ...
The Endocrine System - Animal Hormones
... reception, cellular transduction, and response. Insulin • Any cell except red blood cells, or brain cells unless specified as neuroglial cells. • Tyrosine kinase - formation of dimer • Dimer and other proteins become phosphorylated. • Stimulates a cascade pathway, mediated by a second messenger. • R ...
... reception, cellular transduction, and response. Insulin • Any cell except red blood cells, or brain cells unless specified as neuroglial cells. • Tyrosine kinase - formation of dimer • Dimer and other proteins become phosphorylated. • Stimulates a cascade pathway, mediated by a second messenger. • R ...
Cellular Respiration
... • However, these fuels don’t spontaneously combine with O2 because they lack the activation E • Enzymes lower the barrier of activation E, allowing these fuels to be oxidized slowly • The “fall” of e-s during respiration is stepwise, via an ETC and NAD+ ...
... • However, these fuels don’t spontaneously combine with O2 because they lack the activation E • Enzymes lower the barrier of activation E, allowing these fuels to be oxidized slowly • The “fall” of e-s during respiration is stepwise, via an ETC and NAD+ ...
Cellular Respiration
... • However, these fuels don’t spontaneously combine with O2 because they lack the activation E • Enzymes lower the barrier of activation E, allowing these fuels to be oxidized slowly • The “fall” of e-s during respiration is stepwise, via an ETC and NAD+ ...
... • However, these fuels don’t spontaneously combine with O2 because they lack the activation E • Enzymes lower the barrier of activation E, allowing these fuels to be oxidized slowly • The “fall” of e-s during respiration is stepwise, via an ETC and NAD+ ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 35: Integration of metabolism in animals
... isozyme of the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate bifunctional enzyme. In liver, the fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase is activated by phosphorylation, and this promotes gluconeogenesis. Both sources provide glucose to replenish the levels in blood. Since gluconeogenesis depletes TCA cycle of intermediates, condit ...
... isozyme of the fructose-2,6-bisphosphate bifunctional enzyme. In liver, the fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase is activated by phosphorylation, and this promotes gluconeogenesis. Both sources provide glucose to replenish the levels in blood. Since gluconeogenesis depletes TCA cycle of intermediates, condit ...
Respiration
... •Glucose (C6) splits into two C3 molecules each with a phosphate group. 4 total ATP are produced but two are used to phosphorylate glucose so there is a net gain of 2 ATP. The C3 molecules, pyruvate, enter the mitochondria if O2 is available to continue with aerobic respiration. If no O2 is av ...
... •Glucose (C6) splits into two C3 molecules each with a phosphate group. 4 total ATP are produced but two are used to phosphorylate glucose so there is a net gain of 2 ATP. The C3 molecules, pyruvate, enter the mitochondria if O2 is available to continue with aerobic respiration. If no O2 is av ...
Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
... the maximum rate at which O2 can be taken in and used by your muscle cells and therefore the most strenuous exercise that your body can maintain aerobically If you work even harder and exceed your aerobic capacity, the demand for oxygen in your muscles will outpace your body’s ability to deliver it ...
... the maximum rate at which O2 can be taken in and used by your muscle cells and therefore the most strenuous exercise that your body can maintain aerobically If you work even harder and exceed your aerobic capacity, the demand for oxygen in your muscles will outpace your body’s ability to deliver it ...
Respiration - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... • ETC energy is used to move H+ (protons) across the cristae membrane. • ATP is generated as the H+ diffuse back into the matrix through ATP Synthase ...
... • ETC energy is used to move H+ (protons) across the cristae membrane. • ATP is generated as the H+ diffuse back into the matrix through ATP Synthase ...
Cell Respiration
... acid (lactate). The lactic acid is stored in muscles and turned into pyruvate. (ex. when exercising) ...
... acid (lactate). The lactic acid is stored in muscles and turned into pyruvate. (ex. when exercising) ...
Cell Respiration
... acid (lactate). The lactic acid is stored in muscles and turned into pyruvate. (ex. when exercising) ...
... acid (lactate). The lactic acid is stored in muscles and turned into pyruvate. (ex. when exercising) ...
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Oxidative
... no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
... no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
DOC
... Cellular respiration is the oxidative, chemical attack on energy-rich molecules to provide useful energy for the cell. Enzymes catalyze the oxidation reactions. These reactions are known as catabolic reactions because they break molecules down to release energy. Anaerobic respiration The first part ...
... Cellular respiration is the oxidative, chemical attack on energy-rich molecules to provide useful energy for the cell. Enzymes catalyze the oxidation reactions. These reactions are known as catabolic reactions because they break molecules down to release energy. Anaerobic respiration The first part ...
L10v02-glycolysis and TCA
... Details of the steps six and seven. For step six to occur, you need to have NAD+ available as a reactant ( more on this later). NADH and ATP are produced. ATP produced here is by a process referred to as “substrate level phosphorylation” because a specific enzyme transfers the phosphate group fr ...
... Details of the steps six and seven. For step six to occur, you need to have NAD+ available as a reactant ( more on this later). NADH and ATP are produced. ATP produced here is by a process referred to as “substrate level phosphorylation” because a specific enzyme transfers the phosphate group fr ...
Fatigue and the Recovery Process
... muscles glycogen to glucose Overall the glycogen gets turned into Glucose These stores only last 2 hours so once these are used up the body becomes fatigued ...
... muscles glycogen to glucose Overall the glycogen gets turned into Glucose These stores only last 2 hours so once these are used up the body becomes fatigued ...
Reactions of Photosynthesis (continued)
... leads to two other pathways that release more energy. If oxygen is not present, a different pathway is followed ...
... leads to two other pathways that release more energy. If oxygen is not present, a different pathway is followed ...
cellular respiration
... – Used by ATP synthase • Products of Krebs cycle are ATP and electron carriers • ATP and electron carriers are used up • Electron carriers power electron ...
... – Used by ATP synthase • Products of Krebs cycle are ATP and electron carriers • ATP and electron carriers are used up • Electron carriers power electron ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the formation of two ATP molecules anaerobic ...
... molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate with the formation of two ATP molecules anaerobic ...
Bio 20 5.3 Rs Notes
... CO2 is reduced to synthesize glucose in the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle). NADP+ is reduced when e- from the electron transport chain after PS I joins with H+ ions and makes NADPH which is transferred to the Calvin Cycle where it is oxidized to provide energy for glucose synthesis. Wa ...
... CO2 is reduced to synthesize glucose in the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle). NADP+ is reduced when e- from the electron transport chain after PS I joins with H+ ions and makes NADPH which is transferred to the Calvin Cycle where it is oxidized to provide energy for glucose synthesis. Wa ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑