CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY and MTABOLISM
... molecular unit with either an alcoholic group of C-4 of the other unit (as in lactose and maltose), or with the carbonyl group of the other unit (as in sucrose). In the latter occasion the sugar loses the properties due to the free carbonyl group as reduction of metallic ions and interchange of the ...
... molecular unit with either an alcoholic group of C-4 of the other unit (as in lactose and maltose), or with the carbonyl group of the other unit (as in sucrose). In the latter occasion the sugar loses the properties due to the free carbonyl group as reduction of metallic ions and interchange of the ...
H - Liberty Public Schools
... PROPERTIES electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward itself. Attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars (see Figure 5.3). ...
... PROPERTIES electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward itself. Attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars (see Figure 5.3). ...
Food Processing and Utilization
... various digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas that catalyze the catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Nutrient absorption then occurs in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum, and the nutrients enter the bloodstream. Indigestible materials and wastes ente ...
... various digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas that catalyze the catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Nutrient absorption then occurs in the small intestine, primarily in the jejunum, and the nutrients enter the bloodstream. Indigestible materials and wastes ente ...
(ATP). - WordPress.com
... Metabolic reactions take place at body temperature and physiological pH, which requires enzymes and often coenzymes. ...
... Metabolic reactions take place at body temperature and physiological pH, which requires enzymes and often coenzymes. ...
BC 367 Biochemistry of the Cell I
... Production of acetyl-CoA (e.g., during glycolysis and the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
... Production of acetyl-CoA (e.g., during glycolysis and the bridging reaction) Oxidation of acetyl-CoA via the citric acid cycle Electon transport and oxidative phosphorylation to produce lots of ATP Fig 16-1 ...
Training - Duke University
... Corona connected to pathway components by probable functional interaction links. ...
... Corona connected to pathway components by probable functional interaction links. ...
Photosynthetic Reactions
... and mitochondira, respectively. The other G3P is broken by a cycle of enzymes: transketolase, aldolase, phosphatase, phsophopentose epimerase, phosphopentose isomerase, and phosphoribulose kinase. These enzymes, in the order mentioned, modify the remaining molecules into a series of xylulose-phospha ...
... and mitochondira, respectively. The other G3P is broken by a cycle of enzymes: transketolase, aldolase, phosphatase, phsophopentose epimerase, phosphopentose isomerase, and phosphoribulose kinase. These enzymes, in the order mentioned, modify the remaining molecules into a series of xylulose-phospha ...
Chapter 03 - Hinsdale South High School
... Electron Transport Chain • “Hot” hydrogens (from NADPH) give up their electrons to an enzyme in the mitochondrion inner membrane. • Electrons pass along carriers in the inner membrane, picking up hydrogen ions [2] ...
... Electron Transport Chain • “Hot” hydrogens (from NADPH) give up their electrons to an enzyme in the mitochondrion inner membrane. • Electrons pass along carriers in the inner membrane, picking up hydrogen ions [2] ...
METABOLISM: BASIC CONSEPTS & DESIGN
... 7. Protein turnover and amino acids metabolism (ch. 23) 8. Synthesizing the molecules of life: 9. Biosynthesis of Amino acids (Ch.24) ...
... 7. Protein turnover and amino acids metabolism (ch. 23) 8. Synthesizing the molecules of life: 9. Biosynthesis of Amino acids (Ch.24) ...
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
... Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mechanism • Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space • H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase • ATP synthase uses the exergonic fl ...
Endocrinology – glucose homeostasis
... • Acts primarily on the liver, where it stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and thus increases hepatic glucose output. Glucagon also stimulates ketogenesis, providing an alternative fuel for those tissues that can use it and sparing glucose for those that cannot do without. • Also causes l ...
... • Acts primarily on the liver, where it stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and thus increases hepatic glucose output. Glucagon also stimulates ketogenesis, providing an alternative fuel for those tissues that can use it and sparing glucose for those that cannot do without. • Also causes l ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
... the middle of the twentieth century, biochemists had identified the intermediate substances in the metabolic pathway that converts the starch in seeds—a polysaccharide—into alcohol. In addition, they showed that each intermediate step in the pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. In this chapter ...
1 Anaerobic Respiration
... 1. A way of making ____________ without oxygen is called fermentation. 2. During lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ cycles back to allow ____________ to continue. 3. Fermentation involves ____________, but not the other two stages of cellular respiration. 4. Aerobic respiration evolved after ___________ ...
... 1. A way of making ____________ without oxygen is called fermentation. 2. During lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ cycles back to allow ____________ to continue. 3. Fermentation involves ____________, but not the other two stages of cellular respiration. 4. Aerobic respiration evolved after ___________ ...
cellular respiration jeopardy
... pass through and produces ATP A: What is ATP synthase ? S2C06 Jeopardy Review ...
... pass through and produces ATP A: What is ATP synthase ? S2C06 Jeopardy Review ...
Chapter 6 Notes
... Cellular Respiration • Plant and animal cells perform cellular respiration, a chemical process that – primarily occurs in mitochondria, – harvests energy stored in organic molecules, – uses oxygen, and – generates ATP. ...
... Cellular Respiration • Plant and animal cells perform cellular respiration, a chemical process that – primarily occurs in mitochondria, – harvests energy stored in organic molecules, – uses oxygen, and – generates ATP. ...
Elements Found in Living Things
... Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon. Carbon has four ...
... Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight. All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon. Carbon has four ...
Respiration - mcdowellscience
... • Many organisms respire anaerobically. – Even humans! (sometimes) ...
... • Many organisms respire anaerobically. – Even humans! (sometimes) ...
Lipid Metabolism Catabolism Overview
... – Citric acid cycle has diminished capacity – Acetyl CoA levels build up ...
... – Citric acid cycle has diminished capacity – Acetyl CoA levels build up ...
0101BWhat characterizes a prokaryotic cell
... __52) Amino acids are the building blocks for: a) proteins b) steroids c) lipids d) nucleic acids e) carbohydrates __53) The linkage between two amino acids is called a(n) ___________ bond. a) peptide b) ionic c) hydrogen d) double e) amino __54) Which of these statements best summarizes structural ...
... __52) Amino acids are the building blocks for: a) proteins b) steroids c) lipids d) nucleic acids e) carbohydrates __53) The linkage between two amino acids is called a(n) ___________ bond. a) peptide b) ionic c) hydrogen d) double e) amino __54) Which of these statements best summarizes structural ...
Muscles
... Type 2 muscle cells contract relatively rapidly. They contain less mitochondria and have a reduced supply of blood and therefore oxygen. As a result they mostly respire anaerobically. Type 2 or fast-twitch muscle cells are used in high intensity athletic events such as the sprint events in swimming ...
... Type 2 muscle cells contract relatively rapidly. They contain less mitochondria and have a reduced supply of blood and therefore oxygen. As a result they mostly respire anaerobically. Type 2 or fast-twitch muscle cells are used in high intensity athletic events such as the sprint events in swimming ...
Glycolysis - WordPress.com
... Pyruvate -> Acetaldehyde + CO2 catalysed by Pyruvate decarboxylase. This reaction requires thiamine pyrophosphate, derived from vitamin B1 as a coenzyme. Conversion of Acetaldehyde to Ethanol by Alcohol dehydrogenase. Aerobic Glycolysis pathway With the present of oxygen in cells pyruvate is oxidize ...
... Pyruvate -> Acetaldehyde + CO2 catalysed by Pyruvate decarboxylase. This reaction requires thiamine pyrophosphate, derived from vitamin B1 as a coenzyme. Conversion of Acetaldehyde to Ethanol by Alcohol dehydrogenase. Aerobic Glycolysis pathway With the present of oxygen in cells pyruvate is oxidize ...
Protein Metabolism - Morning By Morning!
... May travel from muscle to liver. Produce glutamate – may be deaminated to yield ammonia for urea cycle. Can be converted to glucose (alanine-glucose cycle) – transport N to liver for conversion to urea while also generating needed substrate. Occurs in low CHO stores (liver glycogen) to maintain bloo ...
... May travel from muscle to liver. Produce glutamate – may be deaminated to yield ammonia for urea cycle. Can be converted to glucose (alanine-glucose cycle) – transport N to liver for conversion to urea while also generating needed substrate. Occurs in low CHO stores (liver glycogen) to maintain bloo ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑