Cells and Energy
... You might be surprised to learn that carbohydrates do not provide the largest amount of ATP. Lipids store the most energy, as Figure 1.3 shows. In fact, fats store about 80% of the energy in your body. And, when fats are broken down, they yield the most ATP. For example, a typical triglyceride ca ...
... You might be surprised to learn that carbohydrates do not provide the largest amount of ATP. Lipids store the most energy, as Figure 1.3 shows. In fact, fats store about 80% of the energy in your body. And, when fats are broken down, they yield the most ATP. For example, a typical triglyceride ca ...
the use of guaifenesin in fibromyalgia
... 90%. We add short-acting tablets (400 mg.) in whatever increments are needed for the remaining 10% to bypass deleterious cytochrome effects. Particularly destructive is CYP-450 3A4, which especially attacks extended-release medications owing to their long transit down the gut and their delayed absor ...
... 90%. We add short-acting tablets (400 mg.) in whatever increments are needed for the remaining 10% to bypass deleterious cytochrome effects. Particularly destructive is CYP-450 3A4, which especially attacks extended-release medications owing to their long transit down the gut and their delayed absor ...
Semmelweis University Department of Medical Biochemistry
... Gluconeogenesis in liver. Cori-cycle. The hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis. Storage and mobilization of carbohydrates. Glycogenesis and glycogen breakdown. Pathological aspects of glycogen metabolism. Regulation of blood sugar level. The effects of glucagon and epinephrine on carbohydrate meta ...
... Gluconeogenesis in liver. Cori-cycle. The hormonal regulation of gluconeogenesis. Storage and mobilization of carbohydrates. Glycogenesis and glycogen breakdown. Pathological aspects of glycogen metabolism. Regulation of blood sugar level. The effects of glucagon and epinephrine on carbohydrate meta ...
video slide
... • Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms • Carbon compounds range from simple molecules to complex ones • Carbon has four valence electrons and may ...
... • Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms • Carbon compounds range from simple molecules to complex ones • Carbon has four valence electrons and may ...
ppt
... Fatty acids, ketone bodies in fuel homeostasis • Fatty acids are fuels during fasting, high-fat diet. exercise, starvation • Lipolysis stimulated by ↓ Insulin, ↑glucagon, ↑epinephrine • brain uses ketones • saves glucose for red blood cells ...
... Fatty acids, ketone bodies in fuel homeostasis • Fatty acids are fuels during fasting, high-fat diet. exercise, starvation • Lipolysis stimulated by ↓ Insulin, ↑glucagon, ↑epinephrine • brain uses ketones • saves glucose for red blood cells ...
PDF file
... is associated to the initiator and gives rise to unbranched amylose chains. Glycogen formation is completed by the so-called branching enzyme, that ramifies the amylose glucan (Tolmasky and Krisman, 1987; Tolmasky et al., 1998) to form mature glycogen molecules. No insect homologue of mammalian or y ...
... is associated to the initiator and gives rise to unbranched amylose chains. Glycogen formation is completed by the so-called branching enzyme, that ramifies the amylose glucan (Tolmasky and Krisman, 1987; Tolmasky et al., 1998) to form mature glycogen molecules. No insect homologue of mammalian or y ...
Topic 7: Intro to Metabolism
... Concept 8.5: Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
... Concept 8.5: Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism • Chemical chaos would result if a cell’s metabolic pathways were not tightly regulated • A cell does this by switching on or off the genes that encode specific enzymes or by regulating the activity of enzymes ...
Energy Substrate Metabolism in - Journal of Clinical Investigation
... which there exist specific oxidative enzymes. The latter -have been called latent mitochondrial enzymes (2), i.e., their function is best studied only when the intact mitochondrial membrane has been mechanically disrupted, treated with detergents, or exposed to hypotonic media. The latter would seem ...
... which there exist specific oxidative enzymes. The latter -have been called latent mitochondrial enzymes (2), i.e., their function is best studied only when the intact mitochondrial membrane has been mechanically disrupted, treated with detergents, or exposed to hypotonic media. The latter would seem ...
05- macromolecules
... skeleton consisting of four fused rings – Differ in functional groups attached to rings ...
... skeleton consisting of four fused rings – Differ in functional groups attached to rings ...
Gastro43-PhysiologyoftheLiver
... Dr. Gwirtz said you don’t have to specific pathways but know the general idea, such as Acetyl CoA can be used to make cholesterol that can be stored in the liver or secreted through bile acids Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Indispensable in amino acid metabolism; synthesizes most of the circula ...
... Dr. Gwirtz said you don’t have to specific pathways but know the general idea, such as Acetyl CoA can be used to make cholesterol that can be stored in the liver or secreted through bile acids Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism Indispensable in amino acid metabolism; synthesizes most of the circula ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus
... It will be observed that the carbon recovery was too low. It will be shown below that this was partly due to assimilation, partly to diminution of endogenous metabolism by addition of substrate and, for a minor part, to the formation of other products. Thus the results described in this section sugg ...
... It will be observed that the carbon recovery was too low. It will be shown below that this was partly due to assimilation, partly to diminution of endogenous metabolism by addition of substrate and, for a minor part, to the formation of other products. Thus the results described in this section sugg ...
1 - Cardiovascular Research
... to the heart, also operate to augment FA supply to the cardiomyocyte. These include adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma lipoprotein-TG,40 vascular LPL activity,41 – 48 and myocyte sarcolemmal FA transporters (e.g. CD36 and FABPPM),9 all of which increase following diabetes. The above changes in card ...
... to the heart, also operate to augment FA supply to the cardiomyocyte. These include adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma lipoprotein-TG,40 vascular LPL activity,41 – 48 and myocyte sarcolemmal FA transporters (e.g. CD36 and FABPPM),9 all of which increase following diabetes. The above changes in card ...
Biol 1406 notes Ch 8 8thed - Chemistry
... ○ The products have 686 kcal less free energy per mole than the reactants. An endergonic reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. ○ Endergonic reactions store energy in molecules; G is positive. ○ Endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of G is the quantit ...
... ○ The products have 686 kcal less free energy per mole than the reactants. An endergonic reaction is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. ○ Endergonic reactions store energy in molecules; G is positive. ○ Endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous, and the magnitude of G is the quantit ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis: Source of Acetyl-CoA and
... and temporal pattern of ptPDH expression correlates very closely with the expression of the plastidic ACC, but that the expression patterns of ACL and ACS do not [4,5,7]. These findings indicate that, at least in developing seeds, the primary source of acetyl-CoA may in fact be pyruvate (via the act ...
... and temporal pattern of ptPDH expression correlates very closely with the expression of the plastidic ACC, but that the expression patterns of ACL and ACS do not [4,5,7]. These findings indicate that, at least in developing seeds, the primary source of acetyl-CoA may in fact be pyruvate (via the act ...
MUSCLE PROTEINS
... Recall that vigorous exercise can lead to a buildup of lactate and NADH, due to oxygen shortage and the need for more glycolysis NADH can be reoxidized during the reduction of pyruvate to lactate Lactate is then returned to the liver, where it can be reoxidized to pyruvate by liver LDH Liver provide ...
... Recall that vigorous exercise can lead to a buildup of lactate and NADH, due to oxygen shortage and the need for more glycolysis NADH can be reoxidized during the reduction of pyruvate to lactate Lactate is then returned to the liver, where it can be reoxidized to pyruvate by liver LDH Liver provide ...
How did LUCA make a living?
... are replenished at an equal rate. UV radiation is an unlikely energy source for rapid polymerisation and replication, and an unpromising initiator of natural selection. The reason that nucleotides and other organic molecules are reluctant to react further in a soup is that they are at thermodynamic ...
... are replenished at an equal rate. UV radiation is an unlikely energy source for rapid polymerisation and replication, and an unpromising initiator of natural selection. The reason that nucleotides and other organic molecules are reluctant to react further in a soup is that they are at thermodynamic ...
The Concentration of Phosphatidylethanolamine in
... also suffer from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (1,2), indicating that the liver plays an important role in the etiology of obesity-associated diabetes. Steatosis in the liver is often associated with hepatic IR; the exact mechanisms by which these conditions are related remain unclear. IR ...
... also suffer from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (1,2), indicating that the liver plays an important role in the etiology of obesity-associated diabetes. Steatosis in the liver is often associated with hepatic IR; the exact mechanisms by which these conditions are related remain unclear. IR ...
Energy coupling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... ethanol from xylose and arabinose (van Maris et al., 2006). This review focuses on a third important factor: conservation of free energy (ATP) during product formation. Product pathways with a positive net ATP yield provide microorganisms with free energy for growth and maintenance processes. Howeve ...
... ethanol from xylose and arabinose (van Maris et al., 2006). This review focuses on a third important factor: conservation of free energy (ATP) during product formation. Product pathways with a positive net ATP yield provide microorganisms with free energy for growth and maintenance processes. Howeve ...
Full Text - Journal of The Royal Society Interface
... C6-sugar is phosphorylated twice and subsequently split up into two C3 bodies that are further metabolized to pyruvate. This pathway exhibits both catabolic and anabolic character as per mole of glucose two moles of ATP can be gained and many intermediates serve as building blocks for biosynthesis, ...
... C6-sugar is phosphorylated twice and subsequently split up into two C3 bodies that are further metabolized to pyruvate. This pathway exhibits both catabolic and anabolic character as per mole of glucose two moles of ATP can be gained and many intermediates serve as building blocks for biosynthesis, ...
Requires Rubisco
... At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 concentration (water is used in rubisco reaction!) The disadvantage of C4 plants is extra ATP used and a more complex pathway http://methanog ...
... At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 concentration (water is used in rubisco reaction!) The disadvantage of C4 plants is extra ATP used and a more complex pathway http://methanog ...
24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
... Overview, Metabolism Catabolic pathways • degrade large molecules. • form small molecules that enter the citric acid cycle and electron transport to produce energy. Anabolic pathways • use small molecules and energy. • synthesize larger molecules in the cell. In the overall view of metabolism, ther ...
... Overview, Metabolism Catabolic pathways • degrade large molecules. • form small molecules that enter the citric acid cycle and electron transport to produce energy. Anabolic pathways • use small molecules and energy. • synthesize larger molecules in the cell. In the overall view of metabolism, ther ...
Metabolism (degradation) of triacylglycerols and fatty acids
... (CH3)3N+-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-COO• only L-isomeric form of carnitine is active • Sources of carnitine: – exogenous – meat and dairy products – endogenous – synthesized from lysine and methionine, mainly in brain and kidneys, the synthesis covers the demands ...
... (CH3)3N+-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-COO• only L-isomeric form of carnitine is active • Sources of carnitine: – exogenous – meat and dairy products – endogenous – synthesized from lysine and methionine, mainly in brain and kidneys, the synthesis covers the demands ...
Translation Series No. 568
... of cold-Uooded animais. It will only be possible to discuss protein-chemical consequences concerning the especially low thermal stability (as, let . us say, in contrast with the highly heat-resistant enzyme proteins of thermophile bacteria) when the enzymes concerned will be available in purified fo ...
... of cold-Uooded animais. It will only be possible to discuss protein-chemical consequences concerning the especially low thermal stability (as, let . us say, in contrast with the highly heat-resistant enzyme proteins of thermophile bacteria) when the enzymes concerned will be available in purified fo ...
PowerPoint ****
... the most important parameters in reducing the production cost are the ethanol yield and the ethanol concentration in the fermentation broth. Ethanol is recovered by distillation, which becomes economically feasible when the concentration exceeds 40 g/L (Zacchi and Axelsson, 1989 ). This concentratio ...
... the most important parameters in reducing the production cost are the ethanol yield and the ethanol concentration in the fermentation broth. Ethanol is recovered by distillation, which becomes economically feasible when the concentration exceeds 40 g/L (Zacchi and Axelsson, 1989 ). This concentratio ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑