Chapter 14 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
... • The liver is the most important organ involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. It is able to modify body fats by lengthening or shortening the chain, or saturating or unsaturating the chain. – The only fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body are those that are polyunsaturated. ...
... • The liver is the most important organ involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. It is able to modify body fats by lengthening or shortening the chain, or saturating or unsaturating the chain. – The only fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body are those that are polyunsaturated. ...
Lecture 27
... Can be reversed to convert an -keto acid to an amino acid PLP functions as an electron sink. Cleavage of any of the amino acid C atom’s 3 bonds produces a resonance stabilized structure. PLP can therefore be used in both transamination and decarboxylation reactions. Most aminotransferases accept o ...
... Can be reversed to convert an -keto acid to an amino acid PLP functions as an electron sink. Cleavage of any of the amino acid C atom’s 3 bonds produces a resonance stabilized structure. PLP can therefore be used in both transamination and decarboxylation reactions. Most aminotransferases accept o ...
Lipids (lect 5, 6))
... Cephalins: Their chemical structure is exactly as lecithin but they differ only in the base which may be: a) Ethanol amine so called: phosphatidyl ethanol amine ...
... Cephalins: Their chemical structure is exactly as lecithin but they differ only in the base which may be: a) Ethanol amine so called: phosphatidyl ethanol amine ...
B3 CARBOHYDRATES
... B.3.7 Describe the importance of a diet high in dietary fibre. [Aim 8: Dietary fibre may be helpful in the prevention of conditions such as diverticulosis, obesity, Crohn’s disease, hemorrhoids and diabetes mellitus.] Dietary Fibre mainly plant material that is part of fruits, grains and vegetab ...
... B.3.7 Describe the importance of a diet high in dietary fibre. [Aim 8: Dietary fibre may be helpful in the prevention of conditions such as diverticulosis, obesity, Crohn’s disease, hemorrhoids and diabetes mellitus.] Dietary Fibre mainly plant material that is part of fruits, grains and vegetab ...
The Physiology of Training: Effect on VO2 max, Performance
... *Preload = Volume (If the volume is low, the blood pumped out of the heart will be a trickle. If the volume is too high, it will back up the cardiac system (right-sided ...
... *Preload = Volume (If the volume is low, the blood pumped out of the heart will be a trickle. If the volume is too high, it will back up the cardiac system (right-sided ...
CHAPTER 6
... 3. Gene Expression regulates GS Gene GlnA is actively transcribed only if a transcriptional enhancer NRI is in its phosphorylated form, NRI-P • NRI is phosphorylated by NRII, a protein kinase • If NRII is complexed with PIIA it acts as a phosphatase, not a kinase ...
... 3. Gene Expression regulates GS Gene GlnA is actively transcribed only if a transcriptional enhancer NRI is in its phosphorylated form, NRI-P • NRI is phosphorylated by NRII, a protein kinase • If NRII is complexed with PIIA it acts as a phosphatase, not a kinase ...
Ch 9 and 11 Review Slides
... • fermentation: partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • cellular respiration: uses oxygen to complete the breakdown of many organic molecules. • more efficient and widespread ...
... • fermentation: partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen. • cellular respiration: uses oxygen to complete the breakdown of many organic molecules. • more efficient and widespread ...
BHS 116.2: Physiology II Date: 1/23/13 Notetaker: Stephanie Cullen
... o Storage of large amounts of glycogen (major store of glycogen outside the skeletal muscle) Excess glucose is removed from the blood (insulin independent) Processed (insulin dependent), stored, and returned to the blood when glucose levels decline (via glucagon action) Glucagon: triggers brea ...
... o Storage of large amounts of glycogen (major store of glycogen outside the skeletal muscle) Excess glucose is removed from the blood (insulin independent) Processed (insulin dependent), stored, and returned to the blood when glucose levels decline (via glucagon action) Glucagon: triggers brea ...
Fatty Acid Oxid
... Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) are the most abundant dietary lipids. They are the form in which we store reduced C for energy. Each triacylglycerol has a glycerol backbone to which are esterified 3 fatty acids Most triacylglycerols are “mixed.” The 3 fatty acids differ in chain length & number of ...
... Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) are the most abundant dietary lipids. They are the form in which we store reduced C for energy. Each triacylglycerol has a glycerol backbone to which are esterified 3 fatty acids Most triacylglycerols are “mixed.” The 3 fatty acids differ in chain length & number of ...
المجلة القطرية للكيمياء-2010 المجلد التاسع والثلاثون39 National
... enzymes that are used for evaluation of heart involvement and in patients when there is injury or inflammation(7,8). Creatine kinase, CK(EC 2.7.3.2) is a cytosolic and mitochondrial enzyme with wide tissue distribution, and catalysis the phosphorylation of Creatine with ATP as followed: (9) Creatine ...
... enzymes that are used for evaluation of heart involvement and in patients when there is injury or inflammation(7,8). Creatine kinase, CK(EC 2.7.3.2) is a cytosolic and mitochondrial enzyme with wide tissue distribution, and catalysis the phosphorylation of Creatine with ATP as followed: (9) Creatine ...
Class Notes
... defined steps to form a specific product. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the pathway. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. ○ A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presenc ...
... defined steps to form a specific product. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the pathway. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. ○ A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presenc ...
Ch 8 Chapter Summary
... o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are crowded together, and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of this region of the ATP molecule. o The triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring. ...
... o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are crowded together, and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of this region of the ATP molecule. o The triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring. ...
Chapter 8 Notes
... o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are crowded together, and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of this region of the ATP molecule. o The triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring. ...
... o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are crowded together, and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of this region of the ATP molecule. o The triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring. ...
Overview on Reactions with Multi
... the last couple of decades scientists have been working on new, integrated processes that require fewer resources and are more close to nature, as they produce less waste. These kinds of processes are discussed in this paper. The advantages of enzyme catalyzed reactions are well documented and numer ...
... the last couple of decades scientists have been working on new, integrated processes that require fewer resources and are more close to nature, as they produce less waste. These kinds of processes are discussed in this paper. The advantages of enzyme catalyzed reactions are well documented and numer ...
Protein Utilization in Bacteria
... Bacteria can use a wide variety of substrates present in the environment as sources of nutrition; these include simple or complex carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. The oxidation of proteins for energy production requires more complex enzymatic processes than the oxidation of carbohy ...
... Bacteria can use a wide variety of substrates present in the environment as sources of nutrition; these include simple or complex carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. The oxidation of proteins for energy production requires more complex enzymatic processes than the oxidation of carbohy ...
Nerve activates contraction
... in 5 minutes, how long, in years, would the reaction take in the absence of the urease enzyme? ...
... in 5 minutes, how long, in years, would the reaction take in the absence of the urease enzyme? ...
ENZYMES
... Enzymes are soluble ,colloidal organic catalyst ,specific in action , protein in nature. They catalyze the hundreds of stepwise reactions that degrade nutrient molecules ,conserve and transform chemical energy from simple precursors. Wilhelm Kühne first used the term enzymes. For e.g. maltose is the ...
... Enzymes are soluble ,colloidal organic catalyst ,specific in action , protein in nature. They catalyze the hundreds of stepwise reactions that degrade nutrient molecules ,conserve and transform chemical energy from simple precursors. Wilhelm Kühne first used the term enzymes. For e.g. maltose is the ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑