Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Synthetic pathways depend on different organism • Sphingolipids and triacylglycerols only made in eukaryotes • Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) accounts for 75% of phospholipids in E.coli – With phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin – No PC, PI, sphingolipids, cholesterol in E.coli – But some bact ...
... Synthetic pathways depend on different organism • Sphingolipids and triacylglycerols only made in eukaryotes • Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) accounts for 75% of phospholipids in E.coli – With phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin – No PC, PI, sphingolipids, cholesterol in E.coli – But some bact ...
Chapter 6
... • Phosphorylation: addition of a phosphate group to a compound • When the high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP are broken • Energy is released • Phosphate is transferred to other molecules ...
... • Phosphorylation: addition of a phosphate group to a compound • When the high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP are broken • Energy is released • Phosphate is transferred to other molecules ...
The Role of Mitochondria in Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases
... causing less ATP to be produced, cellular proteins necessary for all other cellular functions unfold and lose their affinity for their enzymes, and cytochrome C is released into the cytosol stimulating apoptosis, all in a continuous feed-forward cycle of cellular, tissue and organ dysfunction (chron ...
... causing less ATP to be produced, cellular proteins necessary for all other cellular functions unfold and lose their affinity for their enzymes, and cytochrome C is released into the cytosol stimulating apoptosis, all in a continuous feed-forward cycle of cellular, tissue and organ dysfunction (chron ...
Fatty Acid Metabolism - chem.uwec.edu
... transferring the CoASH from succinyl–CoA. It is then split into two Acetyl–CoA by a thiolase reaction ...
... transferring the CoASH from succinyl–CoA. It is then split into two Acetyl–CoA by a thiolase reaction ...
Biochemistry 2EE3 Metabolism and Physiological Chemistry 2002
... Instructor: Dr. Boris S. Zhorov (HSC-4H29, ext. 22049; E- mail: [email protected]) Purpose: To provide a brief introduction to proteins, enzymes and gene expression followed by a more detailed treatment of energy and intermediary metabolism with emphasis on physiological chemistry Learning objectiv ...
... Instructor: Dr. Boris S. Zhorov (HSC-4H29, ext. 22049; E- mail: [email protected]) Purpose: To provide a brief introduction to proteins, enzymes and gene expression followed by a more detailed treatment of energy and intermediary metabolism with emphasis on physiological chemistry Learning objectiv ...
CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules The
... Starch- ALPHA glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds. Your body CAN break the glycosidic linkages between these ALPHA glucose monomers. If your body can break the linkage between the glucose monomers, you can absorb the glucose from the digestive tract and use it as an energy source. Cellul ...
... Starch- ALPHA glucose monomers are linked by glycosidic bonds. Your body CAN break the glycosidic linkages between these ALPHA glucose monomers. If your body can break the linkage between the glucose monomers, you can absorb the glucose from the digestive tract and use it as an energy source. Cellul ...
Zygorrhynchus moelleri
... The ability of intact unstarved cells to oxidize tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, acetate and glucose was examined. At high pH values (6.8) only glucose and acetate stimulated the rate of oxygen uptake (Table 1). When the p H value was lowered to about 3.4 all the intermediates tested were ox ...
... The ability of intact unstarved cells to oxidize tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, acetate and glucose was examined. At high pH values (6.8) only glucose and acetate stimulated the rate of oxygen uptake (Table 1). When the p H value was lowered to about 3.4 all the intermediates tested were ox ...
200 µmol /L is far too low a concentration of ammonium to affect
... reaction is readily reversible, and the direction of reaction (towards deamination of glutamate or glutamate formation) depends on the relative concentrations of the various substrates. As the concentration of ammonium rises, so the reaction proceeds in the direction of formation of glutamate from k ...
... reaction is readily reversible, and the direction of reaction (towards deamination of glutamate or glutamate formation) depends on the relative concentrations of the various substrates. As the concentration of ammonium rises, so the reaction proceeds in the direction of formation of glutamate from k ...
REGULATORY ENZYMES
... • Recall that when acting as catalysts, enzyme mediated-reactions should be reversible. However, regulatory enzymes frequently catalyze thermodynamically irreversible reactions, that is, a large negative free energy change (-∆G) greatly favors formation of a given metabolic product rather than the r ...
... • Recall that when acting as catalysts, enzyme mediated-reactions should be reversible. However, regulatory enzymes frequently catalyze thermodynamically irreversible reactions, that is, a large negative free energy change (-∆G) greatly favors formation of a given metabolic product rather than the r ...
Electrolytes and metabolic disorder.
... •Profound activation of HPA axis – increased sympathetic outflow from brain – epinephrine from adrenals •?hyperlactemia from B2 adrenergic effects on glycolytic flux in skeletal muscle ...
... •Profound activation of HPA axis – increased sympathetic outflow from brain – epinephrine from adrenals •?hyperlactemia from B2 adrenergic effects on glycolytic flux in skeletal muscle ...
第六章 脂类代谢
... adipocytes are hydrolyzed by lipases, to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol, which are released to the blood, this process is called fat mobilization. ...
... adipocytes are hydrolyzed by lipases, to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol, which are released to the blood, this process is called fat mobilization. ...
第六章 脂类代谢
... adipocytes are hydrolyzed by lipases, to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol, which are released to the blood, this process is called fat mobilization. ...
... adipocytes are hydrolyzed by lipases, to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol, which are released to the blood, this process is called fat mobilization. ...
Unit 2 ~ Learning Guide Name
... the protective cover around nerve fibres. Note: Cholesterol is important, but too much results in __________________________ ____________________________________. This narrows the pathway for blood so the heart has to pump harder to push the blood through the body (i.e., increase ___________________ ...
... the protective cover around nerve fibres. Note: Cholesterol is important, but too much results in __________________________ ____________________________________. This narrows the pathway for blood so the heart has to pump harder to push the blood through the body (i.e., increase ___________________ ...
NUCLEOTIDES METABOLISM Nucleotide
... XO in liver, intestines (and milk) can oxidize hypoxanthine (twice) to uric acid Humans and other primates excrete uric acid in the urine, but most N goes out as urea Birds, reptiles and insects excrete uric acid and for them it is the major nitrogen excretory compound Gout occurs from accumulation ...
... XO in liver, intestines (and milk) can oxidize hypoxanthine (twice) to uric acid Humans and other primates excrete uric acid in the urine, but most N goes out as urea Birds, reptiles and insects excrete uric acid and for them it is the major nitrogen excretory compound Gout occurs from accumulation ...
Insight into Metabolic Reprogramming in Tumor Cells
... factor and regulator of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Loss of p53 is now known to affect metabolic reprogramming through upregulating glycolysis, downregulating oxidative phosphorylation and negatively regulating AKT. Shifting from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis as a means of genera ...
... factor and regulator of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Loss of p53 is now known to affect metabolic reprogramming through upregulating glycolysis, downregulating oxidative phosphorylation and negatively regulating AKT. Shifting from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis as a means of genera ...
Introduction to Metabolism
... • Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases carbon dioxide and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is respiration spontaneous or not? Is it exergonic or endergonic? What happens to the energy released from glucose? ...
... • Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen, which have high levels of free energy, and releases carbon dioxide and water, which have low levels of free energy. Is respiration spontaneous or not? Is it exergonic or endergonic? What happens to the energy released from glucose? ...
effect of short time exposure of rats to extreme low temperature on
... were no changes in serum protein concentration during the cryotherapy. An increased MDH activity in the liver during the cryotherapy was observed. There were no statistically significant changes in serum MDH activity. Increase in liver MDH activity may indicate the enhanced transport of reducing equ ...
... were no changes in serum protein concentration during the cryotherapy. An increased MDH activity in the liver during the cryotherapy was observed. There were no statistically significant changes in serum MDH activity. Increase in liver MDH activity may indicate the enhanced transport of reducing equ ...
3 Answer all the questions. 1 Organisms require energy in order to
... (c) Complete the following passage, using the most suitable term in each case: ...
... (c) Complete the following passage, using the most suitable term in each case: ...
Activation by Exercise of Human Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate
... preparations of heart and skeletal muscle, both Mgz+ and CaZ+are important activators of the enzyme [41, among other metabolites [21. The energy required for the regeneration of ATP during heavy exercise is largely derived from muscle glycogen, with only a minor proportion coming from fats and amino ...
... preparations of heart and skeletal muscle, both Mgz+ and CaZ+are important activators of the enzyme [41, among other metabolites [21. The energy required for the regeneration of ATP during heavy exercise is largely derived from muscle glycogen, with only a minor proportion coming from fats and amino ...
Carbon
... • Synthesis of polysaccharides, such as starch and sucrose, provide a sink – Ensures an adequate flow of carbon atoms through the cycle IF CO2 is constantly available ...
... • Synthesis of polysaccharides, such as starch and sucrose, provide a sink – Ensures an adequate flow of carbon atoms through the cycle IF CO2 is constantly available ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... in some tissues Ketone bodies diffuse from the liver mitochondria into the blood and are transported to peripheral tissues. Ketone bodies are important molecules in energy metabolism. Heart muscle and the renal cortex use acetoacetate in preference to glucose in physiological conditions. The brain a ...
... in some tissues Ketone bodies diffuse from the liver mitochondria into the blood and are transported to peripheral tissues. Ketone bodies are important molecules in energy metabolism. Heart muscle and the renal cortex use acetoacetate in preference to glucose in physiological conditions. The brain a ...
Exam_2005 - The University of Sydney
... Which of the following enzymes is most likely to catalyse a ‘rate limiting step’ in a pathway High Vmax enzyme that catalyses irreversible conversion of SP with the prevailing [S] being about the same as the Km of the enzyme. High Vmax enzyme that catalyses reversible conversion of SP with the pre ...
... Which of the following enzymes is most likely to catalyse a ‘rate limiting step’ in a pathway High Vmax enzyme that catalyses irreversible conversion of SP with the prevailing [S] being about the same as the Km of the enzyme. High Vmax enzyme that catalyses reversible conversion of SP with the pre ...
Document
... Overview of dNTP biosynthesis One enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase, reduces all four ribonucleotides to their deoxyribo derivitives. A free radical mechanism is involved in the ribonucleotide reductase reaction. There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductase enzymes in nature: Class I: tyrosin ...
... Overview of dNTP biosynthesis One enzyme, ribonucleotide reductase, reduces all four ribonucleotides to their deoxyribo derivitives. A free radical mechanism is involved in the ribonucleotide reductase reaction. There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductase enzymes in nature: Class I: tyrosin ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑