ch04-Cellular-Metabolism-Anatomy
... • ability to do work or change something • heat, light, sound, electricity, mechanical energy, chemical energy • changed from one form to another • involved in all metabolic reactions Release of chemical energy • most metabolic processes depend on chemical energy • oxidation of glucose generates che ...
... • ability to do work or change something • heat, light, sound, electricity, mechanical energy, chemical energy • changed from one form to another • involved in all metabolic reactions Release of chemical energy • most metabolic processes depend on chemical energy • oxidation of glucose generates che ...
Direction of Krebs cycle Which way does the citric acid cycle turn
... fumarate, or succinate in the presence of malonate, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. The conversion of oxaloacetate to malate to fumarate, back to malate, back to oxaloacetate, which can condense with acetyl-CoA to form citrate has been called 'backflux' of the citric acid cycle ( ...
... fumarate, or succinate in the presence of malonate, a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. The conversion of oxaloacetate to malate to fumarate, back to malate, back to oxaloacetate, which can condense with acetyl-CoA to form citrate has been called 'backflux' of the citric acid cycle ( ...
Unit 2 Biochemistry Chp 8 Metabolism Notes
... o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are crowded together, and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of this region of the ATP molecule. o The triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring. ...
... o Each of the three phosphate groups has a negative charge. o These three like charges are crowded together, and their mutual repulsion contributes to the instability of this region of the ATP molecule. o The triphosphate tail of ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring. ...
Glucose
... greater than 2 standard deviations (below 60 mg/dL) is called hypoglycemia. Since the brain is dependent upon an adequate supply of glucose for its energy, the clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia resemble those of cerebral anoxia, which may include one or more of the following: faintness, weakness, di ...
... greater than 2 standard deviations (below 60 mg/dL) is called hypoglycemia. Since the brain is dependent upon an adequate supply of glucose for its energy, the clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia resemble those of cerebral anoxia, which may include one or more of the following: faintness, weakness, di ...
Yeast - BJCP
... isoamyl acetate have their banana flavor blended with the other fruity notes so that no distinct banana is ...
... isoamyl acetate have their banana flavor blended with the other fruity notes so that no distinct banana is ...
Acid-Base Catalysis
... energy of activation. So if the G is less than zero the reaction will proceed once a catalyst is added (the enzyme). – But the converse is also true - the reverse reaction is also able to proceed depending on the G. Some reactions have very little changes free energy and are freely reversible. Ava ...
... energy of activation. So if the G is less than zero the reaction will proceed once a catalyst is added (the enzyme). – But the converse is also true - the reverse reaction is also able to proceed depending on the G. Some reactions have very little changes free energy and are freely reversible. Ava ...
(January 2005).
... examination in GCE BIOLOGY. They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners' conferences by all the examiners involved in the assessment. The conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocop ...
... examination in GCE BIOLOGY. They were finalised after detailed discussion at examiners' conferences by all the examiners involved in the assessment. The conferences were held shortly after the papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocop ...
Glycerol is a major substrate for glucose, glycogen, and
... to glycogen, glucose, and nonessential AA (NEAA) synthesis on embryonic day (e) 14/15 and e19/20. Chicken embryos from small (56.6 ± 0.88 g) and large eggs (71.7 ± 1.09 g) were repeatedly dosed with either [13C3]glycerol (14 mg/d for 4 d) or [13C6]glucose (15 mg/d for 3 d) into the chorio-allantoic ...
... to glycogen, glucose, and nonessential AA (NEAA) synthesis on embryonic day (e) 14/15 and e19/20. Chicken embryos from small (56.6 ± 0.88 g) and large eggs (71.7 ± 1.09 g) were repeatedly dosed with either [13C3]glycerol (14 mg/d for 4 d) or [13C6]glucose (15 mg/d for 3 d) into the chorio-allantoic ...
Chapter 23 - Evangel University
... Essential Amino Acids • The biosynthesis of proteins requires the presence of all the constituent amino acids • Some species, including humans, cannot produce all of the amino acids and they must come from ____________ and are called essential amino acids ...
... Essential Amino Acids • The biosynthesis of proteins requires the presence of all the constituent amino acids • Some species, including humans, cannot produce all of the amino acids and they must come from ____________ and are called essential amino acids ...
1030ExamI
... 10. Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain: A. At least carbon B. At least both carbon and oxygen C. At least both carbon and nitrogen D. At least both carbon and hydrogen E. At least the three atoms carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen 11. The four major groups of organic compoun ...
... 10. Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain: A. At least carbon B. At least both carbon and oxygen C. At least both carbon and nitrogen D. At least both carbon and hydrogen E. At least the three atoms carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen 11. The four major groups of organic compoun ...
Prediction of Maximum Yields of Metabolites and Optimal Pathways
... Oxaloacetate+NADH↔Malic acid+NAD ...
... Oxaloacetate+NADH↔Malic acid+NAD ...
University of Groningen Interactions between carbohydrate
... ingeniously regulated. This thesis focuses on the interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, particularly related to the pathophysiology of glycogen storage disease and type II diabetes. Metabolic fluxes, which can be defined as the rate of flow of given molecules/substrates through def ...
... ingeniously regulated. This thesis focuses on the interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, particularly related to the pathophysiology of glycogen storage disease and type II diabetes. Metabolic fluxes, which can be defined as the rate of flow of given molecules/substrates through def ...
for growth. fermentation end products and genes required growth of
... acid-butanediol fermentation but that no formate is produced. An ace mutant that lacks pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was unable to grow anaerobically and produced hardly any fermentation product. These results suggest that PDH is involved in most or all acetyl coenzyme A production in B. sub ...
... acid-butanediol fermentation but that no formate is produced. An ace mutant that lacks pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was unable to grow anaerobically and produced hardly any fermentation product. These results suggest that PDH is involved in most or all acetyl coenzyme A production in B. sub ...
Ch31-Gluconeogenesis and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels
... glycogenolysis, and glucose is released into the blood. As glycogen stores decrease, adipose triacylglycerols are also degraded, providing fatty acids as an alternative fuel and glycerol for the synthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis. Amino acids are also released from the muscle to serve as glucon ...
... glycogenolysis, and glucose is released into the blood. As glycogen stores decrease, adipose triacylglycerols are also degraded, providing fatty acids as an alternative fuel and glycerol for the synthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis. Amino acids are also released from the muscle to serve as glucon ...
2 395G Exam 3 11 Dec 2002 First calculate ∆E
... ionophore that transports K+, but not H+, have on functioning mitochondria? Ionophores are not pumps, but rather carriers or channels that allow selected ions to flow down their concentration gradients. Nigericin exchanges K+ for H+ ions, thereby discharging the proton gradient across the inner mito ...
... ionophore that transports K+, but not H+, have on functioning mitochondria? Ionophores are not pumps, but rather carriers or channels that allow selected ions to flow down their concentration gradients. Nigericin exchanges K+ for H+ ions, thereby discharging the proton gradient across the inner mito ...
- Wiley Online Library
... sucrose is taken up into the cell at all is still questionable since levansucrase and invertase should prevent the sugar from reaching the cytoplasmic membrane. Sorbitol (see Section 2) is accumulated via an energy-dependent system (sorbitol carrier; Fig. 1) [24]. It is not known how gluconic acid i ...
... sucrose is taken up into the cell at all is still questionable since levansucrase and invertase should prevent the sugar from reaching the cytoplasmic membrane. Sorbitol (see Section 2) is accumulated via an energy-dependent system (sorbitol carrier; Fig. 1) [24]. It is not known how gluconic acid i ...
Electron Transport Chain
... glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle are oxidized to provide the energy for the synthesis of ATP. In electron transport or the respiratory chain, • hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one electron acceptor or carrier to the next until they combine ...
... glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle are oxidized to provide the energy for the synthesis of ATP. In electron transport or the respiratory chain, • hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one electron acceptor or carrier to the next until they combine ...
Enzymology
... energy of activation. So if the G is less than zero the reaction will proceed once a catalyst is added (the enzyme). – But the converse is also true - the reverse reaction is also able to proceed depending on the G. Some reactions have very little changes free energy and are freely reversible. Ava ...
... energy of activation. So if the G is less than zero the reaction will proceed once a catalyst is added (the enzyme). – But the converse is also true - the reverse reaction is also able to proceed depending on the G. Some reactions have very little changes free energy and are freely reversible. Ava ...
Introduction Fatty acid biosynthesis is one of the most
... essentiality studies in model (E.coli, B.subtilis) and pathogenic (H.influenzae, S.aureus, S.pneumoniase) bacteria. Eukaryotic and bacterial FAS drive fundamentally the same sequence of biochemical transformations, although structurally they are highly divergent. In eukarytotic (non-dissociable) FAS ...
... essentiality studies in model (E.coli, B.subtilis) and pathogenic (H.influenzae, S.aureus, S.pneumoniase) bacteria. Eukaryotic and bacterial FAS drive fundamentally the same sequence of biochemical transformations, although structurally they are highly divergent. In eukarytotic (non-dissociable) FAS ...
Magnesium and cell energetics in plants under anoxia
... [Mg2+ ] and the actual location of PPi synthesis. PPi is ineffective at high energy charge values, when ATP is the major energy source, and the role of PPi can only be apparent under low [ATP] conditions, which leads to an increase of [Mg2+ ]. Most PPi -dependent enzymes use a MgPPi complex as a sub ...
... [Mg2+ ] and the actual location of PPi synthesis. PPi is ineffective at high energy charge values, when ATP is the major energy source, and the role of PPi can only be apparent under low [ATP] conditions, which leads to an increase of [Mg2+ ]. Most PPi -dependent enzymes use a MgPPi complex as a sub ...
electron transport
... conformationally distinct active sites. The open (O) conformation is inactive and has a low affinity for ligands; the L conformation (with “loose” affinity for ligands) is also inactive; the tight (T) conformation is active and has a high affinity for ligands. Synthesis of ATP is initiated (step 1) ...
... conformationally distinct active sites. The open (O) conformation is inactive and has a low affinity for ligands; the L conformation (with “loose” affinity for ligands) is also inactive; the tight (T) conformation is active and has a high affinity for ligands. Synthesis of ATP is initiated (step 1) ...
CHAPTER 6
... conformationally distinct active sites. The open (O) conformation is inactive and has a low affinity for ligands; the L conformation (with “loose” affinity for ligands) is also inactive; the tight (T) conformation is active and has a high affinity for ligands. Synthesis of ATP is initiated (step 1) ...
... conformationally distinct active sites. The open (O) conformation is inactive and has a low affinity for ligands; the L conformation (with “loose” affinity for ligands) is also inactive; the tight (T) conformation is active and has a high affinity for ligands. Synthesis of ATP is initiated (step 1) ...
Chapter 14 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
... • The liver is the most important organ involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. It is able to modify body fats by lengthening or shortening the chain, or saturating or unsaturating the chain. – The only fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body are those that are polyunsaturated. ...
... • The liver is the most important organ involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. It is able to modify body fats by lengthening or shortening the chain, or saturating or unsaturating the chain. – The only fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body are those that are polyunsaturated. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑