slides
... Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle) – Oxydation of pyruvic acid to H+, eand CO2 (occurs in mitochondria) 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O2 and increasing CO2 ...
... Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle) – Oxydation of pyruvic acid to H+, eand CO2 (occurs in mitochondria) 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O2 and increasing CO2 ...
Chapter 8
... • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into position ...
... • The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate • The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex • The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds • Induced fit of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into position ...
NSC 207 - National Open University of Nigeria
... The glycolytic pathway has a dual role (i) It degrades glucose to generate ATP and (ii) It provides building blocks for synthetic reactions. The rate of conversion of glucose into pyruvate is regulated to meet these 2 major cellular needs. Enzymes catalyzing essentially irreversible reactions are po ...
... The glycolytic pathway has a dual role (i) It degrades glucose to generate ATP and (ii) It provides building blocks for synthetic reactions. The rate of conversion of glucose into pyruvate is regulated to meet these 2 major cellular needs. Enzymes catalyzing essentially irreversible reactions are po ...
Chapter 7 Carbohydrates: Nomenclature Monosaccharides
... Note that for beta- D-glucose. All non-hydrogen atoms on the ring are in the equatorial position. That makes beta glucose more stable than alpha glucose, and the equilibrium mixture of the two contains more beta than alpha. Note we most commonly find glucose and other aldohexoses in the pyranose rin ...
... Note that for beta- D-glucose. All non-hydrogen atoms on the ring are in the equatorial position. That makes beta glucose more stable than alpha glucose, and the equilibrium mixture of the two contains more beta than alpha. Note we most commonly find glucose and other aldohexoses in the pyranose rin ...
Nonenzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate
... observed. For instance, Reynolds et al described the equilibrium between the three-carbon sugar phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), in modern metabolism converted by triosephosphate isomerase (Reynolds et al, 1971). More recently, Breslow presented a ch ...
... observed. For instance, Reynolds et al described the equilibrium between the three-carbon sugar phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), in modern metabolism converted by triosephosphate isomerase (Reynolds et al, 1971). More recently, Breslow presented a ch ...
animals that survive without oxygen - Det Norske Videnskaps
... During the following decade several research groups contributed to clarifying some of the underlying mechanisms (Fig. 3). It was found that the ethanol production only occurred in white and red skeletal muscle, where a very high activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is found (Nilsson, 1988). All o ...
... During the following decade several research groups contributed to clarifying some of the underlying mechanisms (Fig. 3). It was found that the ethanol production only occurred in white and red skeletal muscle, where a very high activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is found (Nilsson, 1988). All o ...
Chapter 12 Enzymes: The Protein Catalyst
... Factors that Denature Enzymes • Since enzymes are proteins, they can be denatured which changes the shape of the enzyme and stops enzymatic activity • A. Heat- An increase in temperature up to a point increases enzymatic reaction rates but eventually too much heat will cause the enzyme reactions to ...
... Factors that Denature Enzymes • Since enzymes are proteins, they can be denatured which changes the shape of the enzyme and stops enzymatic activity • A. Heat- An increase in temperature up to a point increases enzymatic reaction rates but eventually too much heat will cause the enzyme reactions to ...
Amino Acid Synthesis
... into methionine with methyl group from THF (utilizes B12) • High homocysteine levels cause oxidative damage of blood vessels—corrolates to heart disease ...
... into methionine with methyl group from THF (utilizes B12) • High homocysteine levels cause oxidative damage of blood vessels—corrolates to heart disease ...
File
... Endergonic reactions are those that store energy. During these reactions the reactant has lower free energy than the product. This is expressed by +G (positive Gibbs number). They do not happen spontaneously and need supply of energy to occur. Example would be production of ATP during aerobic respir ...
... Endergonic reactions are those that store energy. During these reactions the reactant has lower free energy than the product. This is expressed by +G (positive Gibbs number). They do not happen spontaneously and need supply of energy to occur. Example would be production of ATP during aerobic respir ...
Lecture 6 - TCA cycle I - University of Lethbridge
... Why such a complex set of enzymes? 1. Enzymatic reaction rates are limited by diffusion, with shorter distance between subunits in an enzyme, the substrate can be directed from one subunit (catalytic site) to another. ...
... Why such a complex set of enzymes? 1. Enzymatic reaction rates are limited by diffusion, with shorter distance between subunits in an enzyme, the substrate can be directed from one subunit (catalytic site) to another. ...
Pre-workout / Nitric Oxide : SUPERNOVA 282GR
... Creatine, a high-nitrogen compound synthesised from L-amino acid precursors, is a key molecule in the energy household of cells. To their energyrequiring processes, such as biochemical processes, or even the functioning of contractile proteins responsible for muscle tissue contraction, cells use ATP ...
... Creatine, a high-nitrogen compound synthesised from L-amino acid precursors, is a key molecule in the energy household of cells. To their energyrequiring processes, such as biochemical processes, or even the functioning of contractile proteins responsible for muscle tissue contraction, cells use ATP ...
18_Energy metabolism. Biological oxidation. Chemiosmotic theory
... formed in matrix from: (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
... formed in matrix from: (1) Oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (2) Aerobic oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle (3) Oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids ...
Pyruvate and Acetate Metabolism in the Photosynthetic Bacterium
... have been isolated which show an increased efficiency of H2 production from certain organic substrates (Willison et al., 1984). These mutants excrete lower quantities of reduced carbon into the culture medium than the wild-type, and also have increased levels of D-maliC enzyme. However, the precise ...
... have been isolated which show an increased efficiency of H2 production from certain organic substrates (Willison et al., 1984). These mutants excrete lower quantities of reduced carbon into the culture medium than the wild-type, and also have increased levels of D-maliC enzyme. However, the precise ...
of food . All the digestive enzymes are proteins
... removed from the next , which combined with water to form water , when carbohydrate are digested back into monosaccharides specific enzyme return hydrogen&hydroxyl ion to the polysaccharides &separate the monosaccharides from each other this process called hydrolysis. Fat consist of triglycerides wh ...
... removed from the next , which combined with water to form water , when carbohydrate are digested back into monosaccharides specific enzyme return hydrogen&hydroxyl ion to the polysaccharides &separate the monosaccharides from each other this process called hydrolysis. Fat consist of triglycerides wh ...
Title: Hormones of the Pancreas
... membrane, α subunit binds insulin , β subunit has tyrosine kinase activity on the cytosolic side, hormone - receptor complex is internalized by endocytosis, number of receptors is regulated, when occupied by insulin, the receptor phosphorylates itself and other proteins. 5. Mechanism of action: a. A ...
... membrane, α subunit binds insulin , β subunit has tyrosine kinase activity on the cytosolic side, hormone - receptor complex is internalized by endocytosis, number of receptors is regulated, when occupied by insulin, the receptor phosphorylates itself and other proteins. 5. Mechanism of action: a. A ...
Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
... unsaturated fatty acids. In comparison with the original oil, the new fatty acids have additional double carbon–carbon bonds, replacing what were once single bonds. This process could also be described as _____________. (a) isomerization (b) oxidation (c) reduction (d) protonation ...
... unsaturated fatty acids. In comparison with the original oil, the new fatty acids have additional double carbon–carbon bonds, replacing what were once single bonds. This process could also be described as _____________. (a) isomerization (b) oxidation (c) reduction (d) protonation ...
Title: Hormones of the Pancreas
... membrane, α subunit binds insulin , β subunit has tyrosine kinase activity on the cytosolic side, hormone - receptor complex is internalized by endocytosis, number of receptors is regulated, when occupied by insulin, the receptor phosphorylates itself and other proteins. 5. Mechanism of action: a. A ...
... membrane, α subunit binds insulin , β subunit has tyrosine kinase activity on the cytosolic side, hormone - receptor complex is internalized by endocytosis, number of receptors is regulated, when occupied by insulin, the receptor phosphorylates itself and other proteins. 5. Mechanism of action: a. A ...
Role of Liver In Triglyceride Homeostasis
... • Insulin stimulates SREBP-1c expression and increases cleavage of SREBP-1c to its mature form which activates production of lipogenic enzymes • Hepatic IR exists in the pathway regulating gluconeogenesis, but this does not affect insulin’s ability to stimulate lipogenesis • ChREBP is also up-regula ...
... • Insulin stimulates SREBP-1c expression and increases cleavage of SREBP-1c to its mature form which activates production of lipogenic enzymes • Hepatic IR exists in the pathway regulating gluconeogenesis, but this does not affect insulin’s ability to stimulate lipogenesis • ChREBP is also up-regula ...
Figure 4.5 - Amazon S3
... a slow-moving wrecking ball can do a great deal of damage to other objects. Energy associated with objects in motion is called kinetic energy (Figure 4.5). A speeding bullet, a walking person, and the rapid movement of molecules in the air (which produces heat) all have kinetic energy. Now what if t ...
... a slow-moving wrecking ball can do a great deal of damage to other objects. Energy associated with objects in motion is called kinetic energy (Figure 4.5). A speeding bullet, a walking person, and the rapid movement of molecules in the air (which produces heat) all have kinetic energy. Now what if t ...
Fermentation metabolism and its evolution in algae
... by bacteria, and the level of NADH generated for recycling, are highly dependent upon the substrate being metabolized by the bacterium. For example, bacteria using sorbitol, a highly reduced carbon compound, produce three NADH molecules per molecule of substrate, while a highly oxidized carbon compo ...
... by bacteria, and the level of NADH generated for recycling, are highly dependent upon the substrate being metabolized by the bacterium. For example, bacteria using sorbitol, a highly reduced carbon compound, produce three NADH molecules per molecule of substrate, while a highly oxidized carbon compo ...
Gas Exchange
... oxygen and glucose. Your heart beats faster to speed up the supply of oxygen and glucose to your cells. However during intense exercise your heat cannot supply your cells quickly enough to release all the energy they need. During intense exercise, your cells start to do a different type of respirati ...
... oxygen and glucose. Your heart beats faster to speed up the supply of oxygen and glucose to your cells. However during intense exercise your heat cannot supply your cells quickly enough to release all the energy they need. During intense exercise, your cells start to do a different type of respirati ...
Concepts of Biology
... conserved. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into different forms, but it cann ...
... conserved. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into different forms, but it cann ...
4|HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY
... conserved. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into different forms, but it cann ...
... conserved. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into different forms, but it cann ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑