Fermentation metabolism and its evolution in algae
... by bacteria, and the level of NADH generated for recycling, are highly dependent upon the substrate being metabolized by the bacterium. For example, bacteria using sorbitol, a highly reduced carbon compound, produce three NADH molecules per molecule of substrate, while a highly oxidized carbon compo ...
... by bacteria, and the level of NADH generated for recycling, are highly dependent upon the substrate being metabolized by the bacterium. For example, bacteria using sorbitol, a highly reduced carbon compound, produce three NADH molecules per molecule of substrate, while a highly oxidized carbon compo ...
Chapter 5-7
... Catalyst Summary Four important principles about all catalysts • They speed up reactions that would occur anyway, if their activation energy could be surmounted. • Catalysts lower activation energy. • The lowered activation energy allows reactions to move forward more quickly. • Catalysts are not ...
... Catalyst Summary Four important principles about all catalysts • They speed up reactions that would occur anyway, if their activation energy could be surmounted. • Catalysts lower activation energy. • The lowered activation energy allows reactions to move forward more quickly. • Catalysts are not ...
Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Biomarkers Associated
... – For use in models with other metabolites and metabolic parameters for: l The prediction of type 2 diabetes l Monitoring interventions in diabetes and prediabetes ...
... – For use in models with other metabolites and metabolic parameters for: l The prediction of type 2 diabetes l Monitoring interventions in diabetes and prediabetes ...
Fall 2011 Prelim 1 BioG 1440 Introduction to Comparative
... Cellular respiration consists of three groups of reactions: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These three groups of reactions are not independent of each other but are coupled together by several different compounds. As a consequence of this coupling, 8) under anaerob ...
... Cellular respiration consists of three groups of reactions: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These three groups of reactions are not independent of each other but are coupled together by several different compounds. As a consequence of this coupling, 8) under anaerob ...
video slide - Human Anatomy
... – Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings ...
... – Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings ...
Chapter 8 - HCC Learning Web
... The free energy (G) in a system is related to the total enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to energy) (H) and the entropy (S) by this relationship: G = H − TS, where T is temperature in Kelvin units. Increases in temperature amplify the entropy term. Not all the energy in a system is ...
... The free energy (G) in a system is related to the total enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to energy) (H) and the entropy (S) by this relationship: G = H − TS, where T is temperature in Kelvin units. Increases in temperature amplify the entropy term. Not all the energy in a system is ...
Lecture-Lipid Metabolism - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... 1st intermediate in biosynthesis of fatty acids increases when lots carbohydrates presence of it inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I ensures that oxid of FA inhibited when liver has a lot of glc 3. [NADH]/[NAD+] 4. [acetyl CoA] ...
... 1st intermediate in biosynthesis of fatty acids increases when lots carbohydrates presence of it inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I ensures that oxid of FA inhibited when liver has a lot of glc 3. [NADH]/[NAD+] 4. [acetyl CoA] ...
SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower
... SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity. Enzymes are substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions. Most enzymes are proteins. Enzym ...
... SC.912.L.18.11 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity. Enzymes are substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions. Most enzymes are proteins. Enzym ...
Amino Acids - faculty at Chemeketa
... Longer fatty acids are produced from palmitate using special enzymes. Unsaturated cis bonds are incorporated into a 10carbon fatty acid that is elongated further. ...
... Longer fatty acids are produced from palmitate using special enzymes. Unsaturated cis bonds are incorporated into a 10carbon fatty acid that is elongated further. ...
Chapter Fourteen: Metabolism: Basic Concepts and
... Answer: ATP may be bound to a protein, inducing a conformational change, which can store free energy. This change in conformation is actually the mechanical energy of movement such as muscle contraction. 36. What general factors contribute to the high phosphoryl-group transfer of ATP? Answer: Resona ...
... Answer: ATP may be bound to a protein, inducing a conformational change, which can store free energy. This change in conformation is actually the mechanical energy of movement such as muscle contraction. 36. What general factors contribute to the high phosphoryl-group transfer of ATP? Answer: Resona ...
Chapter 12 Pathways to biomolecules
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
Yr12Ch12 - ChemistryVCE
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
... blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen, a storage polysaccharide. The glycogen is slowly hydrolysed between meals to maintain a fairly constant concentration of glucose in the blood for use by tissues such as those in the brain. Q31. Explain why body builders and weight-lifters eat a l ...
The Urea Cycle
... in the liver is used to synthesize nitrogenous biomolecules such as nucleotides. The excess ammonia is converted into urea for excretion. Only the liver and kidneys can convert ammonia into urea. Other tissues, such as muscle tissue, catabolize proteins for energy. The ammonia produced is quite toxi ...
... in the liver is used to synthesize nitrogenous biomolecules such as nucleotides. The excess ammonia is converted into urea for excretion. Only the liver and kidneys can convert ammonia into urea. Other tissues, such as muscle tissue, catabolize proteins for energy. The ammonia produced is quite toxi ...
The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies
... several major conclusions [1]. Firstly, the control of flux through the glycolytic pathway was context dependent and shifted from one enzymatic step to another depending upon the conditions. There was not one key ‘‘rate controlling’’ reaction, but rather control was distributed among a number of step ...
... several major conclusions [1]. Firstly, the control of flux through the glycolytic pathway was context dependent and shifted from one enzymatic step to another depending upon the conditions. There was not one key ‘‘rate controlling’’ reaction, but rather control was distributed among a number of step ...
Slayt 1 - Prof.Dr.Orhan CANBOLAT
... to the corresponding nucleotides IMP and GMP. • Inability to utilize PRPP in the salvage pathway leads to PRPP accumulation, which, in conjunction with low levels of IMP and GMP, causes chronic allosteric activation of PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase and excessive purine synthesis. • The excess purin ...
... to the corresponding nucleotides IMP and GMP. • Inability to utilize PRPP in the salvage pathway leads to PRPP accumulation, which, in conjunction with low levels of IMP and GMP, causes chronic allosteric activation of PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase and excessive purine synthesis. • The excess purin ...
The Growth of Micro-organisms in Relation to their
... of S.faecalis was significantly greater than that of L. mesenteroides.They concluded from these results that, because both organisms used glucose mainly as an energy source, and because growth was proportional to the amount of energy supplied, S. faecalis obtained more energylmole glucose than did L ...
... of S.faecalis was significantly greater than that of L. mesenteroides.They concluded from these results that, because both organisms used glucose mainly as an energy source, and because growth was proportional to the amount of energy supplied, S. faecalis obtained more energylmole glucose than did L ...
Purine Metabolism
... Adenosine nucleoside-increased during ATP degradation. Released in cells when there is low O2 concentration Binds to purinogenic receptors A1, A2A, A2B, A3 Slows the heart down, at the same time increases capillary dilation Caffeine is a adenine derivative, and antagonizes the effects of adenine. ...
... Adenosine nucleoside-increased during ATP degradation. Released in cells when there is low O2 concentration Binds to purinogenic receptors A1, A2A, A2B, A3 Slows the heart down, at the same time increases capillary dilation Caffeine is a adenine derivative, and antagonizes the effects of adenine. ...
Biology Ch08
... Overview of Cellular Respiration Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. ...
... Overview of Cellular Respiration Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. ...
Organic Compounds Test ~Please DO NOT write on the test!~ 1
... D. CH2O6NP 36. ____________ has the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphate in it. A. Carbohydrates C. Proteins B. Lipids D. Nucleic Acids 37. Which of the following would represent a carbohydrate? A. CuSO4 C. CHON B. C6H12O6 D. CH2O6NP 38. Which of the following would represent a ...
... D. CH2O6NP 36. ____________ has the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphate in it. A. Carbohydrates C. Proteins B. Lipids D. Nucleic Acids 37. Which of the following would represent a carbohydrate? A. CuSO4 C. CHON B. C6H12O6 D. CH2O6NP 38. Which of the following would represent a ...
Unit 6 - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... 15. Draw and label a simple diagram of the process of cellular respiration, labeling inputs and outputs at each stage and total energy molecules created. 16. Describe the two main types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation), including under what conditions each occurs. 17. Identify the three pathw ...
... 15. Draw and label a simple diagram of the process of cellular respiration, labeling inputs and outputs at each stage and total energy molecules created. 16. Describe the two main types of anaerobic respiration (fermentation), including under what conditions each occurs. 17. Identify the three pathw ...
1. Products of Amino Acid Transamination Name
... 8. Transamination and the Urea Cycle Aspartate aminotransferase has the highest activity of all the mammalian liver aminotransferases. Why? Answer The second amino group introduced into urea is transferred from aspartate. This amino acid is generated in large quantities by transamination between oxa ...
... 8. Transamination and the Urea Cycle Aspartate aminotransferase has the highest activity of all the mammalian liver aminotransferases. Why? Answer The second amino group introduced into urea is transferred from aspartate. This amino acid is generated in large quantities by transamination between oxa ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑