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Macromolecules Organic (carbon) polymers- (repeating units) that make up living things Monomer Polymer Carbon-based Molecules •Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules Copyright Cmassengale 2 Carbon is a Versatile Atom •It has four electrons in it outer Carbon can share with up to four atoms at a time Copyright Cmassengale 3 Hydrocarbons •The simplest carbon compounds … Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms Copyright Cmassengale 4 Hydrocarbons Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons Copyright Cmassengale 5 Large Hydrocarbons: • The main molecules in gasoline The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies Copyright Cmassengale 6 Shape of Organic Molecules The shape determines its function in an organism Copyright Cmassengale 7 Functional Groups are: • Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach Gained Electrons Copyright Cmassengale Lost Electrons 8 Common Functional Groups Copyright Cmassengale 9 Linking Monomers Dehydration- linking monomers by removing water. Remove H H2O Forms Remove OH This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar Copyright Cmassengale 10 Breaking Down Polymers • Hydrolysisbreaking down monomers by adding water Water added to split a double sugar Copyright Cmassengale 11 Protein -Proteins—large organic polymers formed from monomers called amino acids. -amino acids make up all proteins. ex. muscles, hair Four Types of Proteins Storage Structural Contractile Copyright Cmassengale Transport 13 Amino Acids All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders Copyright Cmassengale 14 Structure of Amino Acids •Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it: Amino group Amino group –NH2 Carboxyl group R group Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen Side group -H -R Side groups Serine-hydrophillic Leucine -hydrophobic Copyright Cmassengale 15 Linking Amino Acids Peptide bonds forms when two amino acids are linked together (polypeptides) Dehydration Synthesis Peptide Bond Copyright Cmassengale 16 Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS • Primary – amino acid order • Secondary – chain shaping (pleating, waving) • Tertiary – chain folding (R group interactions) • Quantinary –chain combining 17 Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Polypeptide (single subunit) Amino acid (a) Primary structure Hydrogen bond Alpha helix (b) Secondary structure (c) Tertiary structure (d) Quaternary structure Nucleic Acids -Nucleic acids— polymers formed from monomers called nucleotides - Store genetic information and code for proteins -DNA—the nucleic acid, found in the nucleus of cells Copyright Cmassengale 20 Nucleotides Base, sugar, phosphate Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Sugar Nucleotide 21 Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer Copyright Cmassengale 22 Nucleotide Monomers Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side Backbone Nucleotide Bases DNA Copyright Cmassengale strand 23 DNA •Two strands of DNA joined together by bases in the middle to form a double helix Base pair Double helix Copyright Cmassengale 24 RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or U) •Ribose sugar has an extra – OH or hydroxyl group Uraci l Phosphate group Sugar (ribose) Copyright Cmassengale 25 Carbohydrates -Carbohydrates—polymers formed from sugar monomers -provide energy for the body (starch) Sugar Types • Monosaccharides (1 sugar) Ex. Glucose • Disaccharides-(2 simple sugars) Ex. Table sugar • Polysaccharides-(many sugars). Ex: starch Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Isomers- same chemical formulas but different structural formulas C6H12O6 Include glucose, fructose, & galactose Copyright Cmassengale 28 Monosaccharides •Glucose is found in sports drinks Fructose is found in fruits Honey contains both glucose & fructose Galactose is called “milk sugar” -OSE ending means SUGAR 29 Rings • In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures Copyright Cmassengale 30 Disaccharides -made by joining two monosaccharides through dehydration -Forms a glycosidic bond Copyright Cmassengale 31 Disaccharides • Common disaccharides Sucrose= glucose + fructose (table sugar) Lactose= galactose + glucose (Milk Sugar) Maltose= glucose + glucose (Grain sugar) Copyright Cmassengale 32 Polysaccharides (complex sugars) Polymers of monosaccharide chains Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Copyright Cmassengale 33 Glucose Monomer Examples of Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Copyright Cmassengale 34 Starch • Starch is an example of a storage polysaccharide in plants • Ex. Potatoes and grains Copyright Cmassengale 35 Glycogen • Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals Glycogen and starch are Borth made from glucose Copyright Cmassengale 36 Cellulose • Structure polysaccharide in plants • Ex. - plant cell walls, wood, fibers (indigestible) to humans. Copyright Cmassengale 37 Dietary Cellulose Some animals have bacteria in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose Copyright Cmassengale 38 Sugars in Water • Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water They are hydrophilic, or “water-loving” WATER MOLECULE -OH groups make them water soluble SUGAR MOLECULE Copyright Cmassengale 39 Lipids -Lipids- 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol “backbone”. Used for energy storage, insulation, and to keep water out. Ex oils, fats, steroids, waxes Linking Lipids dehydration Fatty Acid Chain Copyright Cmassengale 41 Lipids Do NOT mix with water • Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” FAT MOLECULE Copyright Cmassengale 42 Steroids •The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings •Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids like estrogen and testosterone. Cholesterol Estrogen Testosterone Copyright Cmassengale 43 Lipid Types • Saturated fats -a fatty acid with all the H’s it can hold. Ex. Animal fat (solid) • Unsaturated fat- a fatty acid that can hold more hydrogen. Ex. Vegetable and fish oils (liquid) Types of Fatty Acids Single Bonds in Carbon chain Double bond in carbon chain Copyright Cmassengale 45 Chemical Reactions • Chemical Reactions – substances being changed into new substances. ex. Burned wood Ex. H2O2 Reactants- go into a reaction H2O + O2 Products – are made Activation Energy • Activation energy – energy needed to start a reaction Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Enzymes-catalyst (speed up rxns) • Enzymes- Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. • Lock and Key fit – active site of enzymes match the shape of their substrates (reactants). Enzyme + Substrate = Product Copyright Cmassengale 49 Enzyme Denature • An enzyme will denature (lose its shape) at certain temperatures or pH’s and stop working