Unit 6B Learning Targets
... ii. Addition of a GTP cap iii. Excision of introns c. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome. d. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation, and termination. i ...
... ii. Addition of a GTP cap iii. Excision of introns c. Translation of the mRNA occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome. d. In prokaryotic organisms, transcription is coupled to translation of the message. Translation involves energy and many steps, including initiation, elongation, and termination. i ...
AP gene regulation
... – The lac-operon is “off” and the genes are not transcribed, this is its usual state – The repressor protein is bound to the operator(s) and blocks the RNA polymerase – it is referred to as inducible because it can be turned on • If lactose is present: – The operon is turned “on” by the removal of t ...
... – The lac-operon is “off” and the genes are not transcribed, this is its usual state – The repressor protein is bound to the operator(s) and blocks the RNA polymerase – it is referred to as inducible because it can be turned on • If lactose is present: – The operon is turned “on” by the removal of t ...
Expression system
... • Used to avoid problems with digestion of foreign proteins by proteases • Used to aid purification of foreign proteins, often by affinity chromatography • Often a rare protease cut site is added to the fusion partner • Eg., For small peptides poly-arginine,Histidine tail ...
... • Used to avoid problems with digestion of foreign proteins by proteases • Used to aid purification of foreign proteins, often by affinity chromatography • Often a rare protease cut site is added to the fusion partner • Eg., For small peptides poly-arginine,Histidine tail ...
Transcription Factors
... • Transcription factors (TF) – diffusible proteins – act at numerous sites on many chromosomes – Influence transcription by interacting with other proteins or segments of DNA • “Upstream” = being 5’ to the start site – Negative numbers of bases ...
... • Transcription factors (TF) – diffusible proteins – act at numerous sites on many chromosomes – Influence transcription by interacting with other proteins or segments of DNA • “Upstream” = being 5’ to the start site – Negative numbers of bases ...
Introduction to Molecular Biology
... • Most eukaryotic genes have exons (portions that will be put in the mRNA) and introns (that are normally spliced out) – Some introns may have a promoter-like control of the transcription process – If an intron is not spliced out then an alternative splicing product is created. – Various tissue type ...
... • Most eukaryotic genes have exons (portions that will be put in the mRNA) and introns (that are normally spliced out) – Some introns may have a promoter-like control of the transcription process – If an intron is not spliced out then an alternative splicing product is created. – Various tissue type ...
Chapter 15 / Lecture Outline 36
... 7. The lac genes are transcribed together C. The operon theory 1. The players 2. The 1961 paper describing the operon theory was a landmark D. A positive control increases transcription of lacZ, lacY, and lacA 1. The CAP protein becomes a positive regulator of the lac and other operons after it form ...
... 7. The lac genes are transcribed together C. The operon theory 1. The players 2. The 1961 paper describing the operon theory was a landmark D. A positive control increases transcription of lacZ, lacY, and lacA 1. The CAP protein becomes a positive regulator of the lac and other operons after it form ...
Molecular Biology Final Exam (Set A)
... complementary, anti-parallel strand. This means that DNA has a very regular structure, typically a Watson-Crick double helix, regardless of its sequence. In contrast, RNA is almost always single-stranded. As an elongated single strand, its nitrogenous bases would be exposed to the water solvent. Thi ...
... complementary, anti-parallel strand. This means that DNA has a very regular structure, typically a Watson-Crick double helix, regardless of its sequence. In contrast, RNA is almost always single-stranded. As an elongated single strand, its nitrogenous bases would be exposed to the water solvent. Thi ...
Protein Synthesis
... • Clover-leaf shape • Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid • Found out in the cytoplasm • Brings amino acid to ribosome ...
... • Clover-leaf shape • Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid • Found out in the cytoplasm • Brings amino acid to ribosome ...
Transcription/Translation
... promoter and respond to the same regulator protein. • As shown to the right, a regulator protein produced in response to an environmental stress interacts with a stress response element (SRE) in the promoter of those genes needed for responding to the stress even though the genes may be scattered on ...
... promoter and respond to the same regulator protein. • As shown to the right, a regulator protein produced in response to an environmental stress interacts with a stress response element (SRE) in the promoter of those genes needed for responding to the stress even though the genes may be scattered on ...
RNA
... • according to base-pairing rules the mRNA base triplets are called codons • shared by the simplest bacteria after the most complex plants and animals ...
... • according to base-pairing rules the mRNA base triplets are called codons • shared by the simplest bacteria after the most complex plants and animals ...
Chapter 7: Microbial Genetics
... Eukaryotes and Achaeans have regions of genes that code for proteins (exons) and noncoding regions called introns In RNA, uracil (U) pairs with adenine (A) rather than thymine (T) RNA transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction Coding sequences of DNA called exons (E) and non-coding sequences called intro ...
... Eukaryotes and Achaeans have regions of genes that code for proteins (exons) and noncoding regions called introns In RNA, uracil (U) pairs with adenine (A) rather than thymine (T) RNA transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction Coding sequences of DNA called exons (E) and non-coding sequences called intro ...
Transcription & Translation PowerPoint
... Which of the following reactions occurs when a dipeptide is formed from amino acids? A. Hydrolysis B. Denaturation C. Condensation D. Oxidation ...
... Which of the following reactions occurs when a dipeptide is formed from amino acids? A. Hydrolysis B. Denaturation C. Condensation D. Oxidation ...
DNA Protein Synthesis Review Q`s.doc
... What would be the complementary RNA sequence for the DNA sequence- 5'GCGTATG-3'? ...
... What would be the complementary RNA sequence for the DNA sequence- 5'GCGTATG-3'? ...
Document
... Human genes, like most genes in multicellular organisms (eukaryotes), contain introns—stretches of DNA located within the gene that are transcribed into RNA and then spliced out before the RNA is translated into protein (see diagram). These stretches of DNA have no discernible coding functions. ...
... Human genes, like most genes in multicellular organisms (eukaryotes), contain introns—stretches of DNA located within the gene that are transcribed into RNA and then spliced out before the RNA is translated into protein (see diagram). These stretches of DNA have no discernible coding functions. ...
Judgement Statement – 2012
... • The loss of 11 base pairs / deletion mutation means the DNA base sequence / triplets is changed / causes a reading frameshift, so that the nucleotides that make the RNA (codon) are now in a different sequence / codons the RNA sequence may now contain a premature stop codon. Explains how translatio ...
... • The loss of 11 base pairs / deletion mutation means the DNA base sequence / triplets is changed / causes a reading frameshift, so that the nucleotides that make the RNA (codon) are now in a different sequence / codons the RNA sequence may now contain a premature stop codon. Explains how translatio ...
Schedule
... • The loss of 11 base pairs / deletion mutation means the DNA base sequence / triplets is changed / causes a reading frameshift, so that the nucleotides that make the RNA (codon) are now in a different sequence / codons the RNA sequence may now contain a premature stop codon. Explains how translatio ...
... • The loss of 11 base pairs / deletion mutation means the DNA base sequence / triplets is changed / causes a reading frameshift, so that the nucleotides that make the RNA (codon) are now in a different sequence / codons the RNA sequence may now contain a premature stop codon. Explains how translatio ...
The Master Molecule
... The DNA of genes is made of four nucleotide bases: two purines, adenine (A) and guanine (G); and two pyrimidines, thymine (T) and cytosine (C). The genetic code is based on these four letters, AGCT, that encode the amino acids making up the body‘s peptides and proteins. The genetic code is the same ...
... The DNA of genes is made of four nucleotide bases: two purines, adenine (A) and guanine (G); and two pyrimidines, thymine (T) and cytosine (C). The genetic code is based on these four letters, AGCT, that encode the amino acids making up the body‘s peptides and proteins. The genetic code is the same ...
1. Important Features
... – Nonsense codons are recognized by release factors that release the newly made polypeptide from the ribosome. ...
... – Nonsense codons are recognized by release factors that release the newly made polypeptide from the ribosome. ...
Protein synthesis
... DNA was responsible for making many different types of proteins, but how? They knew it had to be the bases found in DNA that held the code to make proteins. Let’s call our bases found in DNA A, T, C and G. Here is a DNA molecule – this part is unzipped and we can see a line of bases. ...
... DNA was responsible for making many different types of proteins, but how? They knew it had to be the bases found in DNA that held the code to make proteins. Let’s call our bases found in DNA A, T, C and G. Here is a DNA molecule – this part is unzipped and we can see a line of bases. ...
Chapter 16 - HCC Learning Web
... 1. The RNA polymerase binds at regions called promoters. 2. TATA box is where a transcription factor binds enabling RNA polymerase to recognize the promoter region. B. Elongation of the RNA strand by RNA polymerase II. 1. First function: untwists and opens a short segment of DNA. 2. Links incoming R ...
... 1. The RNA polymerase binds at regions called promoters. 2. TATA box is where a transcription factor binds enabling RNA polymerase to recognize the promoter region. B. Elongation of the RNA strand by RNA polymerase II. 1. First function: untwists and opens a short segment of DNA. 2. Links incoming R ...
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism.In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait. The genetic code stored in DNA is ""interpreted"" by gene expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. Such phenotypes are often expressed by the synthesis of proteins that control the organism's shape, or that act as enzymes catalysing specific metabolic pathways characterising the organism.