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... value of the number of allowances allocated per unit of output. This subsidy partly offsets the cost increase due to the allowance price. The entrance and closure provisions in the EU ETS, with free allocation to new firms and the obligation to surrender allowances received for free in case of plant ...
... value of the number of allowances allocated per unit of output. This subsidy partly offsets the cost increase due to the allowance price. The entrance and closure provisions in the EU ETS, with free allocation to new firms and the obligation to surrender allowances received for free in case of plant ...
A Proposal for the Design of the Successor to the Kyoto Protocol
... ronmental costs caused by the accumulation of GHG stocks. The optimal trajectory of GHG emissions depends on the balance of economic and environmental costs. The best that the current generation can do is to use current estimates of these costs, and of the uncertainty surrounding them, to calculate ...
... ronmental costs caused by the accumulation of GHG stocks. The optimal trajectory of GHG emissions depends on the balance of economic and environmental costs. The best that the current generation can do is to use current estimates of these costs, and of the uncertainty surrounding them, to calculate ...
Evolving Responsibility? The Principle of Common
... surrounding a re-differentiation of parties to account for differences among developing countries were increasingly contentious. Some parties, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia were keen to allay economic competitiveness concerns by creating a new category of “advanced developing coun ...
... surrounding a re-differentiation of parties to account for differences among developing countries were increasingly contentious. Some parties, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia were keen to allay economic competitiveness concerns by creating a new category of “advanced developing coun ...
Module 1
... “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal” “Most of warming since mid-20th century from increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations” “Continued GHG emissions... would induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed du ...
... “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal” “Most of warming since mid-20th century from increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations” “Continued GHG emissions... would induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed du ...
cop21 and the paris agreement
... adopted.iii The KP served to ‘operationalise’ the convention. For the first time it committed, rather than merely encouraged, industrialised countries (called Annex 1 Parties) to stabilise GHG emissions based on the principles of the convention. For the first five-year commitment period from 2008 t ...
... adopted.iii The KP served to ‘operationalise’ the convention. For the first time it committed, rather than merely encouraged, industrialised countries (called Annex 1 Parties) to stabilise GHG emissions based on the principles of the convention. For the first five-year commitment period from 2008 t ...
Decreasing carbon and other footprints in park tourism
... Oliver Hillel, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada* The scope of the problem The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, a collaborative platform of scientists that guides political decision-making and provides background to the negotiations in the UN Framewor ...
... Oliver Hillel, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada* The scope of the problem The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change, a collaborative platform of scientists that guides political decision-making and provides background to the negotiations in the UN Framewor ...
carbon offset carbon offset
... of Southwest China, and within the forest eco-zone of the Upper Yangtze. Many forested and reforested lands covered by this project are close to the nature reserves where many rare and endangered wildlife species live, such as giant pandas, golden monkeys and snow leopards. Cultivated with mixed nat ...
... of Southwest China, and within the forest eco-zone of the Upper Yangtze. Many forested and reforested lands covered by this project are close to the nature reserves where many rare and endangered wildlife species live, such as giant pandas, golden monkeys and snow leopards. Cultivated with mixed nat ...
CESifo Working Paper no. 2758
... integration of developing countries. Ellis (2007) states that a price of $3-6 per CER unit will not create enough market pull to attract investors for capital intensive projects. Unfortunately the projects with the lower revenues tend to be more sustainable. Investing in CDM projects is still consid ...
... integration of developing countries. Ellis (2007) states that a price of $3-6 per CER unit will not create enough market pull to attract investors for capital intensive projects. Unfortunately the projects with the lower revenues tend to be more sustainable. Investing in CDM projects is still consid ...
Forest Sinks and the Kyoto Protocol
... reduce emissions of GHGs. The Kyoto Protocol was in response to new scientific evidence suggesting the original emission reduction targets under the Convention would not be sufficient to achieve its objective and that tougher legally binding targets were required. The Kyoto Protocol: sets legally ...
... reduce emissions of GHGs. The Kyoto Protocol was in response to new scientific evidence suggesting the original emission reduction targets under the Convention would not be sufficient to achieve its objective and that tougher legally binding targets were required. The Kyoto Protocol: sets legally ...
Appendix 2 – Significant Water Management
... clearer regarding how these targets are to be achieved, and how in particular, local authorities will be expected to help deliver these. 9. In addition, new scientific evidence recently reported in the national press has suggested that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will likely need to be reduced by ...
... clearer regarding how these targets are to be achieved, and how in particular, local authorities will be expected to help deliver these. 9. In addition, new scientific evidence recently reported in the national press has suggested that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will likely need to be reduced by ...
Climate Crisis`s Effect on Africa
... Implementing the Kyoto Protocol • The Kyoto Protocol does not end in 2012 • Parties are legally bound to agree a second commitment period for Annex I countries under the Kyoto Protocol commencing in 2012 (see Article 3.9) • In the KP negotiations the Least Developed Countries have stated that “fail ...
... Implementing the Kyoto Protocol • The Kyoto Protocol does not end in 2012 • Parties are legally bound to agree a second commitment period for Annex I countries under the Kyoto Protocol commencing in 2012 (see Article 3.9) • In the KP negotiations the Least Developed Countries have stated that “fail ...
Presentation: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
... taxation, support for eco-driving and incentives for more efficient logistic organization, including point of use pricing for roads. “ “More integrated transport and spatial planning policies might contain demand for motorized transport.” Mode shifts … cannot … form the corner-stone of effective ...
... taxation, support for eco-driving and incentives for more efficient logistic organization, including point of use pricing for roads. “ “More integrated transport and spatial planning policies might contain demand for motorized transport.” Mode shifts … cannot … form the corner-stone of effective ...
ethics and climate change
... more and more uninhabitable, and others. 2. Political responses from Kyoto to Copenhagen The first and most important response to such global issue at international level has been the signing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the end of the World Conference on Environment and ...
... more and more uninhabitable, and others. 2. Political responses from Kyoto to Copenhagen The first and most important response to such global issue at international level has been the signing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at the end of the World Conference on Environment and ...
oslo principles on global climate change obligations
... their emissions enough to ensure the global average temperature increase does not exceed the stated level. b. If such additional contributions do not suffice to meet the obligation to ensure that the global average surface temperature increase never exceeds pre-industrial temperature by more than 2 ...
... their emissions enough to ensure the global average temperature increase does not exceed the stated level. b. If such additional contributions do not suffice to meet the obligation to ensure that the global average surface temperature increase never exceeds pre-industrial temperature by more than 2 ...
a new approach to international greenhouse gas controls
... 2005). Dynamic targets tend to reduce the economic uncertainty associated with taking a particular target by adjusting that target to economic reality, that is, by allowing faster-growing economies more emissions and contracting economies fewer emissions.3 While helping to reduce uncertainty, dynami ...
... 2005). Dynamic targets tend to reduce the economic uncertainty associated with taking a particular target by adjusting that target to economic reality, that is, by allowing faster-growing economies more emissions and contracting economies fewer emissions.3 While helping to reduce uncertainty, dynami ...
The next 10 years - World Bank Group
... Second, the World Bank will continue to support the growing consensus about an increased role for forests in developing countries in reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and through conservation and the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest c ...
... Second, the World Bank will continue to support the growing consensus about an increased role for forests in developing countries in reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and through conservation and the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest c ...
Reducing Global Carbon: Creating an American Policy
... signed the Kyoto Protocol and the treaty only affects 21% of the parties. The imbalance between the binding obligations Annex I countries were given while non-Annex I parties had no obligations, became one of the main motivators behind the Byrd-Hagel Resolution, officially titled, “Expressing the se ...
... signed the Kyoto Protocol and the treaty only affects 21% of the parties. The imbalance between the binding obligations Annex I countries were given while non-Annex I parties had no obligations, became one of the main motivators behind the Byrd-Hagel Resolution, officially titled, “Expressing the se ...
Global warming IS human made (Sat 19 Feb) WARM-UPS
... Global warming IS human made (Sat 19 Feb) BNE: Findings from a new study __________ Friday proves that global warming is caused by human activity, and not by natural environmental factors. Researchers at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography have found __________ evidence of human-produced warming i ...
... Global warming IS human made (Sat 19 Feb) BNE: Findings from a new study __________ Friday proves that global warming is caused by human activity, and not by natural environmental factors. Researchers at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography have found __________ evidence of human-produced warming i ...
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December, 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 Parties (Canada withdrew effective December 2012) to the Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to ""a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"" (Art. 2). The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.The Protocol’s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. A second commitment period was agreed on in 2012, known as the Doha Amendment to the protocol, in which 37 countries have binding targets: Australia, the European Union (and its 28 member states), Belarus, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine have stated that they may withdraw from the Protocol or not put into legal force the Amendment with second round targets. Japan, New Zealand and Russia have participated in Kyoto's first-round but have not taken on new targets in the second commitment period. Other developed countries without second-round targets are Canada (which withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in 2012) and the United States (which has not ratified the Protocol). As of July 2015, 36 states have accepted the Doha Amendment, while entry into force requires the acceptances of 144 states.Negotiations were held in Lima in 2014 to agree on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. China, India, and the United States have all signaled that they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally to reduce CO2 emissions.