SnRK1 Isoforms AKIN10 and AKIN11 Are
... to Pi deficiency can be grouped into the early genes that respond rapidly and often nonspecifically to Pi deficiency and the late genes that alter the morphology, physiology, or metabolism of plants upon prolonged stress. These late genes generally increase the acquisition of Pi or promote the effic ...
... to Pi deficiency can be grouped into the early genes that respond rapidly and often nonspecifically to Pi deficiency and the late genes that alter the morphology, physiology, or metabolism of plants upon prolonged stress. These late genes generally increase the acquisition of Pi or promote the effic ...
C7orf30 is necessary for biogenesis of the large
... (residues 6–105), which has been reported to associate with the large subunit (50S) of the bacterial ribosome (9,17) and 29% sequence identity with iojap of Zea mays (residues 116–213), a protein which is involved in the regulation of chloroplast ribosome stability (10,11). Additionally, 24% of resi ...
... (residues 6–105), which has been reported to associate with the large subunit (50S) of the bacterial ribosome (9,17) and 29% sequence identity with iojap of Zea mays (residues 116–213), a protein which is involved in the regulation of chloroplast ribosome stability (10,11). Additionally, 24% of resi ...
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... For all constructs, cloning junction and point mutations were verified by sequencing. The pCS2-spry4 vector was obtained by subcloning the zebrafish spry4 open reading frame into pCS2+ (RZPD). To generate the dominant-negative form of Spry4 (Spry4Y52A), a mutation of TAC (tyrosine) to GCC (alanine) ...
... For all constructs, cloning junction and point mutations were verified by sequencing. The pCS2-spry4 vector was obtained by subcloning the zebrafish spry4 open reading frame into pCS2+ (RZPD). To generate the dominant-negative form of Spry4 (Spry4Y52A), a mutation of TAC (tyrosine) to GCC (alanine) ...
Projection Structure of a Plant Vacuole Membrane Aquaporin by
... Immediately after germination, a-TIP may regulate the rehydration of PSVs, osmoregulate the cytoplasm during nutrient export from the PSVs, or adjust vacuolar volume as the central vacuole reforms (reviewed by Maurel et al., 1997). The major intrinsic protein (MIP) family is highly conserved, with m ...
... Immediately after germination, a-TIP may regulate the rehydration of PSVs, osmoregulate the cytoplasm during nutrient export from the PSVs, or adjust vacuolar volume as the central vacuole reforms (reviewed by Maurel et al., 1997). The major intrinsic protein (MIP) family is highly conserved, with m ...
Liver development
... of gestation (e8.0) indicate that the embryonic liver originates from the ventral foregut endoderm (Tremblay and Zaret, 2005). The first morphological sign of the embryonic liver is the formation of the hepatic diverticulum, an out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the devel ...
... of gestation (e8.0) indicate that the embryonic liver originates from the ventral foregut endoderm (Tremblay and Zaret, 2005). The first morphological sign of the embryonic liver is the formation of the hepatic diverticulum, an out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the devel ...
Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and cellular pH regulation
... similarities between bacteria and mitochondria, it is therefore tempting to speculate that Bax directly or indirectly triggers a process that results in increase efflux of H+ from mitochondria. Mutagenesis studies are consistent with, but do not prove, that the lethal effects of Bax in yeast correla ...
... similarities between bacteria and mitochondria, it is therefore tempting to speculate that Bax directly or indirectly triggers a process that results in increase efflux of H+ from mitochondria. Mutagenesis studies are consistent with, but do not prove, that the lethal effects of Bax in yeast correla ...
Nature: Serine is a natural ligand and allosteric activator of pyruvate
... to the constitutively active splice variant PKM1 (ref. 6). Another metabolic pathway recently demonstrated to be crucial for cancer cell survival is the serine-biosynthesis pathway7–9. We investigated a potential mechanistic link between the two pathways in cancer cells, whereby a reduction in overa ...
... to the constitutively active splice variant PKM1 (ref. 6). Another metabolic pathway recently demonstrated to be crucial for cancer cell survival is the serine-biosynthesis pathway7–9. We investigated a potential mechanistic link between the two pathways in cancer cells, whereby a reduction in overa ...
Synergistic interaction of three ERECTA-family
... carpel elongation, and anther and ovule differentiation. These defects are due to severely reduced cell proliferation. Our findings place ERECTA-family RLKs as redundant receptors that link cell proliferation to organ growth and patterning. ...
... carpel elongation, and anther and ovule differentiation. These defects are due to severely reduced cell proliferation. Our findings place ERECTA-family RLKs as redundant receptors that link cell proliferation to organ growth and patterning. ...
Anaplerosis in cancer: Another step beyond the warburg effect
... 1-α (HIF-1α), which is a transcription factor that activates the expression of all glycolysis enzymes, it triggers the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane, and it limits the substrate influx into the Krebs cycle by allowing the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PD ...
... 1-α (HIF-1α), which is a transcription factor that activates the expression of all glycolysis enzymes, it triggers the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane, and it limits the substrate influx into the Krebs cycle by allowing the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PD ...
PowerPoint (click here)
... 1. Find the highlighted residue at position 374 of the human sequence Q00987. Is this residue conserved in the mystery protein? 2. In a separate tab, go to the UniProtKB record for Q00987. What was the consequence of mutagenesis at position 374? 3. In the alignment, find the highlighted residues at ...
... 1. Find the highlighted residue at position 374 of the human sequence Q00987. Is this residue conserved in the mystery protein? 2. In a separate tab, go to the UniProtKB record for Q00987. What was the consequence of mutagenesis at position 374? 3. In the alignment, find the highlighted residues at ...
Protein
... secondary structure are fibrous and generally play a structural role. An example is the protein fibrin, which forms the protein network that makes up blood clots. In some cases structures common to several proteins with similar functions have been identified. One example is the helix-turn-helix moti ...
... secondary structure are fibrous and generally play a structural role. An example is the protein fibrin, which forms the protein network that makes up blood clots. In some cases structures common to several proteins with similar functions have been identified. One example is the helix-turn-helix moti ...
Separate Domains of the Insulin Receptor Contain
... briefly at 22 OC with low concentrations (5-10 pg/mL, pH 7.4) of trypsin, staphylococcal V8 protease, or elastase. Autophosphorylation of the @-subunit was carried out before and after digestion, and the [32P]phosphoproteinswere separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ...
... briefly at 22 OC with low concentrations (5-10 pg/mL, pH 7.4) of trypsin, staphylococcal V8 protease, or elastase. Autophosphorylation of the @-subunit was carried out before and after digestion, and the [32P]phosphoproteinswere separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ...
Protein - Angelfire
... • Each travels to one or more specific target tissues or organs where is elicits a specific response ...
... • Each travels to one or more specific target tissues or organs where is elicits a specific response ...
Fundamentals of cancer metabolism
... metabolic therapy will require defining the stage of tumor progression in which each pathway provides its benefit to the cancer cell. Some activities first become essential very early in tumorigenesis as the nascent tumor begins to experience nutrient limitations (6). In other cases, altered pathway ...
... metabolic therapy will require defining the stage of tumor progression in which each pathway provides its benefit to the cancer cell. Some activities first become essential very early in tumorigenesis as the nascent tumor begins to experience nutrient limitations (6). In other cases, altered pathway ...
Insilico Studies on Taste Receptor Gene (Tas2r38) and Tas2r38
... receptors are encoded by T2R genes that show 25-89% amino acid sequence identity between the 60 different members of this gene family. These differences presumably allow a wide variety of different chemical shapes, sizes, and functionalities to be bound by these receptors and perceived as bitter. Th ...
... receptors are encoded by T2R genes that show 25-89% amino acid sequence identity between the 60 different members of this gene family. These differences presumably allow a wide variety of different chemical shapes, sizes, and functionalities to be bound by these receptors and perceived as bitter. Th ...
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... Kinglun Kingston Mak1, Henry M. Kronenberg2, Pao-Tien Chuang3, Susan Mackem4 and Yingzi Yang1,* Chondrocyte hypertrophy is an essential process required for endochondral bone formation. Proper regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy is also required in postnatal cartilage homeostasis. Indian hedgehog ...
... Kinglun Kingston Mak1, Henry M. Kronenberg2, Pao-Tien Chuang3, Susan Mackem4 and Yingzi Yang1,* Chondrocyte hypertrophy is an essential process required for endochondral bone formation. Proper regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy is also required in postnatal cartilage homeostasis. Indian hedgehog ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... structures, draw them if you like, or visualize them in your head. ...
... structures, draw them if you like, or visualize them in your head. ...
Minimal domain of bacterial phytochrome required for chromophore binding and fluorescence
... Cys19Ser and Ile252Cys, of RpBphP1. Interestingly, the absorbance and fluorescence emission maxima of PASGAF-FP variant were similar to those found in blue-shifted two-domain (PAS-GAF) iRFPs8. The Cys19Ser substitution suggested that this FP variant was no longer able to covalently bind BV in the PA ...
... Cys19Ser and Ile252Cys, of RpBphP1. Interestingly, the absorbance and fluorescence emission maxima of PASGAF-FP variant were similar to those found in blue-shifted two-domain (PAS-GAF) iRFPs8. The Cys19Ser substitution suggested that this FP variant was no longer able to covalently bind BV in the PA ...
Cloning and Effective Induction of Escherichia coli
... the expression of the desired gene placed under the control of the strong T7, lac or tac promoter. The advantage of using this synthetic inducer is that it cannot be hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase.13 However, the use of IPTG for the large-scale production of human therapeutic proteins is undesirable ...
... the expression of the desired gene placed under the control of the strong T7, lac or tac promoter. The advantage of using this synthetic inducer is that it cannot be hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase.13 However, the use of IPTG for the large-scale production of human therapeutic proteins is undesirable ...
GABA RECEPTORS GABA RECEPTORS
... transmitter of the mammalian central nervous system and it is present in some 40% of all neurones. Most of the early studies, carried out with iontophoretic application of GABA in the CNS, indicated that it generally produced inhibitory hyperpolarizing responses on neurones,1 which were blocked comp ...
... transmitter of the mammalian central nervous system and it is present in some 40% of all neurones. Most of the early studies, carried out with iontophoretic application of GABA in the CNS, indicated that it generally produced inhibitory hyperpolarizing responses on neurones,1 which were blocked comp ...
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
... the adult, and changes in this level may have important implications for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer disease. (see Alternative splicing: cell-type-specific and developmental control.) (see RNA editing.) (see Alzheimer disease.) The topology of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit ...
... the adult, and changes in this level may have important implications for neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer disease. (see Alternative splicing: cell-type-specific and developmental control.) (see RNA editing.) (see Alzheimer disease.) The topology of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY
... • Some aa-tRNA synthetases can proofread • Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase may bind valine instead of isoleucine and incorporate it into valyl-adenylate • The valyl-adenylate is usually then hydrolyzed to valine and AMP so that valyl-tRNAIle does not form ...
... • Some aa-tRNA synthetases can proofread • Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase may bind valine instead of isoleucine and incorporate it into valyl-adenylate • The valyl-adenylate is usually then hydrolyzed to valine and AMP so that valyl-tRNAIle does not form ...
Generation of the podocyte and tubular components
... mesonephric kidney, and presents several findings that refine our understanding of the initial events of nephron formation. First, well before the first morphological or molecular signs of nephron formation, mesonephric mesenchyme can be separated on the basis of morphology and the expression of the ...
... mesonephric kidney, and presents several findings that refine our understanding of the initial events of nephron formation. First, well before the first morphological or molecular signs of nephron formation, mesonephric mesenchyme can be separated on the basis of morphology and the expression of the ...
The Glycerophosphoryl Diester
... GPD (Fig. 2). A comparison of the N- and C-terminal GPD-like domains indicated that these two domains have distinct sequences, suggesting that they have different biochemical functions. The recessive phenotype caused by the shv3-1 missense mutation in the C-terminal GPD-like domain indicates that th ...
... GPD (Fig. 2). A comparison of the N- and C-terminal GPD-like domains indicated that these two domains have distinct sequences, suggesting that they have different biochemical functions. The recessive phenotype caused by the shv3-1 missense mutation in the C-terminal GPD-like domain indicates that th ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.